TONSILLITIS
The tonsils are small “Lymph nodes” in the back of the throat. “Tonsillitis” is a term used to describe conditions when the tonsils are inflamed or infected. In the normal pet they function to kill germs that enter the body through the mouth. Sometimes the tonsils become chronically infected leading to recurrent sore throats.
Most cases of sore throat and tonsillitis occur as a result of temperature changes, such as going from inside the house to outside and back.
It is about 10 degrees colder on the floor of your house than at eye level. This means if you keep the thermostat set at 68 degrees in the house, it’s probably about 58 degrees on the floor. If the dog goes out and becomes damp on its feet or abdomen, this may cause chilling, when it is brought back into the house.
You might also consider a sweater for the dog for wintertime trips outside the house.
The opposite occurs many times in the summer months with the dog getting hot outside, and then being chilled in the house with air conditioning.
The mouth of dogs and cats normally contains many types of bacteria. These bacteria do NOT cause any problem, until the pet is stressed in some way, allowing the bacteria to multiply.
Since most cases of tonsillitis in dogs are bacterial (usually streptococcus), antibiotics are routinely used in treatment.
Human sore throats are usually caused by a virus, and therefore antibiotics are not often used.
Many cases of recurring tonsillitis are due to a persistent bacterial infection in the tonsil area. Many of these cases require a tonsillectomy to solve the problem. Since the tonsils in a “normal” animal help fight disease, we do NOT recommend removal, except in chronic cases which seem to flare up several times a year.
Tonsillitis may spread among your pets, and occasionally to man, but this is not generally a problem.
Pets with tonsillitis often have a fever, eat poorly, swallow with difficulty, retch up white frothy mucus, or have a mucus, jelly-like bowel movement.
For more information contact your local animal clinic or veterinarian.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/Tonsillitis.htm
Sunday, April 25, 2010
veterinary information on third eyelid protrusion
THIRD EYELID GLAND PROTRUSION
Dogs and cats have 3 eyelids: upper lid, lower lid, and one that is attached inside the other lids at the inside corner of the eye socket. This third eyelid serves to protect the eye from injury by closing over the eye to give a second covering of the eye.
On the inside of this third eyelid, there is a small lymph node and small gland that produces tears. The tears produced aid in lubrication of the eye.
A condition exists where this small gland becomes inflamed and swollen. Once swollen, the tissue of this gland then protrudes out over the free edge of the third eyelid. This condition is sometimes called “cherry eye,” because the reddened, swollen tissue resembles a cherry.
CAUSE of this condition is not known. An infection or allergic reactions may sometimes cause the condition. There is a tendency for the condition to occur in the other eye at some future date.
TREATMENT of this condition may be medical or surgical. Often the condition is first treated topically with anti-inflammatory medications in an effort to avoid surgery. If medical therapy is not effective, then surgery to either remove part of the gland or replace the gland into its normal position is recommended.
For more information contact your local animal clinic or veterinarian.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/third%20Eyeld.htm
Dogs and cats have 3 eyelids: upper lid, lower lid, and one that is attached inside the other lids at the inside corner of the eye socket. This third eyelid serves to protect the eye from injury by closing over the eye to give a second covering of the eye.
On the inside of this third eyelid, there is a small lymph node and small gland that produces tears. The tears produced aid in lubrication of the eye.
A condition exists where this small gland becomes inflamed and swollen. Once swollen, the tissue of this gland then protrudes out over the free edge of the third eyelid. This condition is sometimes called “cherry eye,” because the reddened, swollen tissue resembles a cherry.
CAUSE of this condition is not known. An infection or allergic reactions may sometimes cause the condition. There is a tendency for the condition to occur in the other eye at some future date.
TREATMENT of this condition may be medical or surgical. Often the condition is first treated topically with anti-inflammatory medications in an effort to avoid surgery. If medical therapy is not effective, then surgery to either remove part of the gland or replace the gland into its normal position is recommended.
For more information contact your local animal clinic or veterinarian.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/third%20Eyeld.htm
Veterinary information on Tapeworms
TAPEWORMS
Tapeworms are one of the most common types of “worms” found in the dog and cat. They are more difficult to detect during a routine stool sample examination and also more difficult to eradicate from pets.
DIAGNOSIS: Microscopic examination of a fecal specimen usually does NOT disclose the presence of tapeworms.
YOU DETECT THE PRESENCE OF TAPEWORMS BY ACTUALLY SEEING THE TAPEWORM SEGMENTS IN THE STOOLS.
Segments may be found on the surface of freshly-passed stools, where they look like small grains of “rice” or “cucumber seeds.” Segments may or may not be seen moving. These segments may sometimes be seen “crawling” out from the rectum, or attached to the hair in the rectal area. They sometimes may be found in the pet’s bedding.
Segments are NOT passed regularly. There may be several in a bowel movement, and then none seen for a week
or two. IF SEEN ONLY ONCE, THEY OBVIOUSLY PROVE THAT THE PET HAS A TAPEWORM INFESTATION. The condition may go undetected for months or years, especially in pets that eliminate outside where the stools are not usually seen by the owner.
TRANSMISSION: Tapeworms must go through “Intermediate Hosts,” which is primarily the FLEA in dogs and cats. Infested birds or rabbits can also spread the parasite to your pet. Fleas eat into the segments passed by the pet; and then become infested with tapeworm larvae. The pet then eats the flea when it gets on your pet’s skin, and therefore becomes infested with tapeworms.
TREATMENT: Effective medication is available only through your veterinarian. The medication is
available in a tablet and injectable form. Over-the counter medications will NOT be effective against tapeworms! Don’t waste YOUR money.
CURE: You can be sure of a cure ONLY when segments are not seen on any freshly passed stool for a period of at least one month.
PREVENTION: As in all diseases, prevention is far superior to treatment.
1. KEEP PETS FREE OF FLEAS!
2. Do NOT allow pets to eat birds, rabbits, rodents, etc.
3. Treat infested pets as we direct.
PUBLIC HEALTH: Humans CANNOT be infected UNLESS they eat infested FLEAS!
Should a child eat tapeworm segments, it will NOT cause any problem whatsoever. The intermediate host (which is the flea) would have to be ingested to cause tapeworm infestation.
For more information contact your local Animal clinic or Animal Emergency Hospital.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/Tapeworms.htm
Tapeworms are one of the most common types of “worms” found in the dog and cat. They are more difficult to detect during a routine stool sample examination and also more difficult to eradicate from pets.
DIAGNOSIS: Microscopic examination of a fecal specimen usually does NOT disclose the presence of tapeworms.
YOU DETECT THE PRESENCE OF TAPEWORMS BY ACTUALLY SEEING THE TAPEWORM SEGMENTS IN THE STOOLS.
Segments may be found on the surface of freshly-passed stools, where they look like small grains of “rice” or “cucumber seeds.” Segments may or may not be seen moving. These segments may sometimes be seen “crawling” out from the rectum, or attached to the hair in the rectal area. They sometimes may be found in the pet’s bedding.
Segments are NOT passed regularly. There may be several in a bowel movement, and then none seen for a week
or two. IF SEEN ONLY ONCE, THEY OBVIOUSLY PROVE THAT THE PET HAS A TAPEWORM INFESTATION. The condition may go undetected for months or years, especially in pets that eliminate outside where the stools are not usually seen by the owner.
TRANSMISSION: Tapeworms must go through “Intermediate Hosts,” which is primarily the FLEA in dogs and cats. Infested birds or rabbits can also spread the parasite to your pet. Fleas eat into the segments passed by the pet; and then become infested with tapeworm larvae. The pet then eats the flea when it gets on your pet’s skin, and therefore becomes infested with tapeworms.
TREATMENT: Effective medication is available only through your veterinarian. The medication is
available in a tablet and injectable form. Over-the counter medications will NOT be effective against tapeworms! Don’t waste YOUR money.
CURE: You can be sure of a cure ONLY when segments are not seen on any freshly passed stool for a period of at least one month.
PREVENTION: As in all diseases, prevention is far superior to treatment.
1. KEEP PETS FREE OF FLEAS!
2. Do NOT allow pets to eat birds, rabbits, rodents, etc.
3. Treat infested pets as we direct.
PUBLIC HEALTH: Humans CANNOT be infected UNLESS they eat infested FLEAS!
Should a child eat tapeworm segments, it will NOT cause any problem whatsoever. The intermediate host (which is the flea) would have to be ingested to cause tapeworm infestation.
For more information contact your local Animal clinic or Animal Emergency Hospital.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/Tapeworms.htm
Veterinary information on seizures
SEIZURES
Seizures (convulsions, fits, epilepsy) are commonly encountered in our household pets, but can be frightening, nonetheless. They can occur in cats and dogs of all ages and can be caused by many different problems. In general, seizures are caused by two major groups of problems:
I. PROBLEMS NOT ORIGINATING FROM THE BRAIN, SUCH AS:
A. Poisons
B. Kidney Disease
C. Liver Disease
D. Heart Disease
E. Low Blood sugar
F. Nerve and Muscle Problems
G. Infections
II. PROBLEMS ORIGINATING IN THE BRAIN ITSELF, SUCH AS:
A. True Epilepsy
B. Brain Infections (virus, bacteria, fungus)
C. Degenerative Conditions of Brain Tissue
D. Hydrocephalus (water on the brain)
E. Brain Tumors
F. Stroke-like Conditions and Blood Clots in the Brain
As you can see, a seizure is not a diagnosis in itself, but a sign of an underlying problem. After one such episode, it is usually difficult to tell if your pet will ever have another seizure or not, but your veterinarian will make some suggestions for looking into the problem. A thorough history-taking and physical examination will provide your doctor with quite a bit of information, but often some simple test procedures are needed to study your pet’s problem more closely.
These initial tests may include blood tests, urine analysis, and an electrocardiogram.
The purpose of these tests is to tell whether the problem originates from other parts of the body (Group I) or from the brain (Group II). These are important to distinguish, as the prognosis and kinds of medication used for these diseases are different.
In most cases, we look for normal test results and through a process of elimination determine that the problem is in the brain. At this point, we may prescribe medication, or may recommend further tests. Many sophisticated human tests are performed in pets as well such as cerebrospinal fluid analysis, skull x-ray, electroencephalograms, brain scans with radioisotopes and x-ray dye-injection studies of the brain’s blood supply. We will determine whether or not your pet requires further testing and will make the appropriate recommendations to you.
The important point is to identify the seizure problem as closely and as early as possible so that appropriate therapeutic measures can be taken. There are literally thousands upon thousands of happy household pets that are epileptics, and many can lead long, normal lives.
If you have any questions regarding epilepsy in your pet, don’t hesitate to ask us.
For more information contact your local animal emergency or animal clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/Seizures.htm
Seizures (convulsions, fits, epilepsy) are commonly encountered in our household pets, but can be frightening, nonetheless. They can occur in cats and dogs of all ages and can be caused by many different problems. In general, seizures are caused by two major groups of problems:
I. PROBLEMS NOT ORIGINATING FROM THE BRAIN, SUCH AS:
A. Poisons
B. Kidney Disease
C. Liver Disease
D. Heart Disease
E. Low Blood sugar
F. Nerve and Muscle Problems
G. Infections
II. PROBLEMS ORIGINATING IN THE BRAIN ITSELF, SUCH AS:
A. True Epilepsy
B. Brain Infections (virus, bacteria, fungus)
C. Degenerative Conditions of Brain Tissue
D. Hydrocephalus (water on the brain)
E. Brain Tumors
F. Stroke-like Conditions and Blood Clots in the Brain
As you can see, a seizure is not a diagnosis in itself, but a sign of an underlying problem. After one such episode, it is usually difficult to tell if your pet will ever have another seizure or not, but your veterinarian will make some suggestions for looking into the problem. A thorough history-taking and physical examination will provide your doctor with quite a bit of information, but often some simple test procedures are needed to study your pet’s problem more closely.
These initial tests may include blood tests, urine analysis, and an electrocardiogram.
The purpose of these tests is to tell whether the problem originates from other parts of the body (Group I) or from the brain (Group II). These are important to distinguish, as the prognosis and kinds of medication used for these diseases are different.
In most cases, we look for normal test results and through a process of elimination determine that the problem is in the brain. At this point, we may prescribe medication, or may recommend further tests. Many sophisticated human tests are performed in pets as well such as cerebrospinal fluid analysis, skull x-ray, electroencephalograms, brain scans with radioisotopes and x-ray dye-injection studies of the brain’s blood supply. We will determine whether or not your pet requires further testing and will make the appropriate recommendations to you.
The important point is to identify the seizure problem as closely and as early as possible so that appropriate therapeutic measures can be taken. There are literally thousands upon thousands of happy household pets that are epileptics, and many can lead long, normal lives.
If you have any questions regarding epilepsy in your pet, don’t hesitate to ask us.
For more information contact your local animal emergency or animal clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/Seizures.htm
Veterinary information on Seborrhea
SEBORRHEA
Seborrhea is a skin condition characterized by an accumulation of excessive oil (sebum) on the skin. It is believed that seborrhea represents a chain of events that involve excessive production of oil by the oil glands of the skin. “Dandruff” seen on the skin in cases of seborrhea is nothing more than dried skin oil. In most cases, seborrhea is HEREDITARY.
Excessive sebum (skin oil) provides an excellent breeding ground for bacteria. These bacteria break down the “sebum” into certain products that irritate the pet’s skin. This irritation causes the skin to become red and inflamed.
It is this inflammation that leads to improper functioning of the growth process of the skin, which in turns leads to scaling and itching. The bacterial breakdown of the skin oil is also the cause of the FOUL ODOR often associated with seborrhea. With greater oil production, the bacteria thrive, increasing the possibility of skin infections.
Certain breeds have a tendency to show the dry, scaly form of seborrhea, while others show a more “oily” form. Signs vary from a dry flaking skin to an oily, greasy, crusty skin with a foul odor and open “sores.”
Regardless of the initial signs, the underlying process causing seborrhea remains the same—excess “sebum,” bacterial involvement, and scaling of the outer layer of the skin. The variables are the amount of oil produced and the number of bacteria present. The predominant sign seen in each individual pet is determined by these factors.
There is NO CURE for seborrhea. However, proper treatment and care of your pet will allow you to CONTROL the problem. Seborrhea is a chronic skin disease which requires routine maintenance —much the same as brushing your teeth to prevent tooth decay. If routine maintenance is not followed, there will be a recurrence of the original signs.
For more information contact your local animal clinic or veterinarian.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/Seborrhea.htm
Seborrhea is a skin condition characterized by an accumulation of excessive oil (sebum) on the skin. It is believed that seborrhea represents a chain of events that involve excessive production of oil by the oil glands of the skin. “Dandruff” seen on the skin in cases of seborrhea is nothing more than dried skin oil. In most cases, seborrhea is HEREDITARY.
Excessive sebum (skin oil) provides an excellent breeding ground for bacteria. These bacteria break down the “sebum” into certain products that irritate the pet’s skin. This irritation causes the skin to become red and inflamed.
It is this inflammation that leads to improper functioning of the growth process of the skin, which in turns leads to scaling and itching. The bacterial breakdown of the skin oil is also the cause of the FOUL ODOR often associated with seborrhea. With greater oil production, the bacteria thrive, increasing the possibility of skin infections.
Certain breeds have a tendency to show the dry, scaly form of seborrhea, while others show a more “oily” form. Signs vary from a dry flaking skin to an oily, greasy, crusty skin with a foul odor and open “sores.”
Regardless of the initial signs, the underlying process causing seborrhea remains the same—excess “sebum,” bacterial involvement, and scaling of the outer layer of the skin. The variables are the amount of oil produced and the number of bacteria present. The predominant sign seen in each individual pet is determined by these factors.
There is NO CURE for seborrhea. However, proper treatment and care of your pet will allow you to CONTROL the problem. Seborrhea is a chronic skin disease which requires routine maintenance —much the same as brushing your teeth to prevent tooth decay. If routine maintenance is not followed, there will be a recurrence of the original signs.
For more information contact your local animal clinic or veterinarian.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/Seborrhea.htm
Veterinary Information on Sarcoptic Mange
SARCOPTIC MANGE
Sarcoptic Mange is caused by a small mite only visible under the microscope. The disease is highly contagious from pet to pet. This skin disease is sometimes called “scabies.” Scabies is often diagnosed in people, but the human mite is a different mite from that affecting pets. It is possible for people to become infected from the pet but is termed “self-limiting” because the mites cannot reproduce in the human and therefore eventually die out even without treatment.
It appears as a red, itching rash. Consult your physician if this occurs.
Signs include severe itching, reddened skin, bad odor to the skin, and scabs or crusts on the skin if it becomes secondarily infected with bacteria after scratching the skin due to the itching.
Once the disease is thoroughly treated, it does not recur unless the pet again contacts an infected animal.
For more information contact your local animal clinic or veterinarian.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/Sarcoptic%20mange.htm
Sarcoptic Mange is caused by a small mite only visible under the microscope. The disease is highly contagious from pet to pet. This skin disease is sometimes called “scabies.” Scabies is often diagnosed in people, but the human mite is a different mite from that affecting pets. It is possible for people to become infected from the pet but is termed “self-limiting” because the mites cannot reproduce in the human and therefore eventually die out even without treatment.
It appears as a red, itching rash. Consult your physician if this occurs.
Signs include severe itching, reddened skin, bad odor to the skin, and scabs or crusts on the skin if it becomes secondarily infected with bacteria after scratching the skin due to the itching.
Once the disease is thoroughly treated, it does not recur unless the pet again contacts an infected animal.
For more information contact your local animal clinic or veterinarian.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/Sarcoptic%20mange.htm
Veterinary information on ringworm
RINGWORM
“Ringworm” is a skin disease of warm-blooded mammals properly termed “Dermatomycosis.” It can be a major problem in multiple animal households and kennels/catteries. It is caused by a fungus-type organism. It is NOT a “worm!”
The fungus lives in the outer layers of skin, hair shafts, and toe nails. It invades the hair follicles damaging the actual hair itself. The hairs become fragile and break easily. As the infection progresses, more and more hair may be lost.
After appropriate treatment, the hair will grow back though sometimes discolored. Ringworm may result in secondary bacterial infections of the skin causing destruction of the hair follicles-so that hair may not grow back. It is important to initiate treatment early.
Dogs and cats become infected with the fungus by contact with other infected animals, infected people, or contaminated soil.
Diagnosis is made by specific tests including skin scrapings, ultraviolet light observation, fungal cultures, and sometimes biopsy.
Ringworm is contagious to people. In fact, the disease “Athlete’s Foot” is a form of ringworm very common in people.
It is important that we culture suspected cases of ringworm to determine the specific fungus due to the possibility of family members and/or other pets contracting the infection.
For more information contact your local animal clinic or veterinarian.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/Ringworm.htm
“Ringworm” is a skin disease of warm-blooded mammals properly termed “Dermatomycosis.” It can be a major problem in multiple animal households and kennels/catteries. It is caused by a fungus-type organism. It is NOT a “worm!”
The fungus lives in the outer layers of skin, hair shafts, and toe nails. It invades the hair follicles damaging the actual hair itself. The hairs become fragile and break easily. As the infection progresses, more and more hair may be lost.
After appropriate treatment, the hair will grow back though sometimes discolored. Ringworm may result in secondary bacterial infections of the skin causing destruction of the hair follicles-so that hair may not grow back. It is important to initiate treatment early.
Dogs and cats become infected with the fungus by contact with other infected animals, infected people, or contaminated soil.
Diagnosis is made by specific tests including skin scrapings, ultraviolet light observation, fungal cultures, and sometimes biopsy.
Ringworm is contagious to people. In fact, the disease “Athlete’s Foot” is a form of ringworm very common in people.
It is important that we culture suspected cases of ringworm to determine the specific fungus due to the possibility of family members and/or other pets contracting the infection.
For more information contact your local animal clinic or veterinarian.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/Ringworm.htm
Pyometra
PYOMETRA
Pyometra is a serious disease of female dogs and cats related to hormonal changes within the reproductive tract allowing the accumulation of pus in the uterus. It can be FATAL!
The cause is really not understood, but we know the female hormones are involved in allowing the reproductive
tract to become more susceptible to developing these infections.
In some animals, the uterus responds abnormally to the hormones produced during the “heat” cycle causing a secretion of mucus and inflammatory cells to collect in the uterus. A bacterial infection then develops--which can spread throughout the body.
If this happens, the condition then becomes a form of “blood poisoning.” This results in widespread infection throughout the body--leading to shock and death. Kidney infections often develop.
Signs of the infection include: Depression, loss of appetite, excessive thirst, increased urination, dehydration, vomiting, fever, and vaginal discharges of blood or pus.
Signs may gradually occur over several weeks or months. Excessive thirst is often the first sign.
Pyometra is diagnosed by clinical signs, a history of not being spayed, laboratory testing of blood and urine, and sometimes exploratory surgery.
The most common treatment, which is the safest for your pet, is Ovariohysterectomy (Spaying), which removes the infected uterus and the rest of the internal female reproductive tract. Fluids and antibiotics are needed to compact shock, infection, and dehydration. On rare occasions, other medical techniques may be employed to attempt to salvage the valuable breeding animal.
This is NOT recommended for your pet! This method of therapy often still results in infertility, and often does not solve the problem, requiring life-saving surgery later.
For more information contact your local animal emergency hospital.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/Pyometra.htm
Pyometra is a serious disease of female dogs and cats related to hormonal changes within the reproductive tract allowing the accumulation of pus in the uterus. It can be FATAL!
The cause is really not understood, but we know the female hormones are involved in allowing the reproductive
tract to become more susceptible to developing these infections.
In some animals, the uterus responds abnormally to the hormones produced during the “heat” cycle causing a secretion of mucus and inflammatory cells to collect in the uterus. A bacterial infection then develops--which can spread throughout the body.
If this happens, the condition then becomes a form of “blood poisoning.” This results in widespread infection throughout the body--leading to shock and death. Kidney infections often develop.
Signs of the infection include: Depression, loss of appetite, excessive thirst, increased urination, dehydration, vomiting, fever, and vaginal discharges of blood or pus.
Signs may gradually occur over several weeks or months. Excessive thirst is often the first sign.
Pyometra is diagnosed by clinical signs, a history of not being spayed, laboratory testing of blood and urine, and sometimes exploratory surgery.
The most common treatment, which is the safest for your pet, is Ovariohysterectomy (Spaying), which removes the infected uterus and the rest of the internal female reproductive tract. Fluids and antibiotics are needed to compact shock, infection, and dehydration. On rare occasions, other medical techniques may be employed to attempt to salvage the valuable breeding animal.
This is NOT recommended for your pet! This method of therapy often still results in infertility, and often does not solve the problem, requiring life-saving surgery later.
For more information contact your local animal emergency hospital.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/Pyometra.htm
Veterinary information on pyoderma
PYODERMA
Pyoderma is the medical term for a bacterial skin infection. Bacteria are found everywhere in the environment. Normal, healthy skin is usually very resistant to the development of skin infections.
Pyoderma usually is the result of some type irritation which damages the skin making it more susceptible to infection.
Causes of skin damage which increases susceptibility include FLEAS, scratching from allergies, dry skin, ringworm, sarcoptic or demodectic mange, and topically applied irritating substances including many flea sprays and dips.
Animals that develop recurrent pyoderma often have poorly functioning immune systems that prevents their body from fighting off these infections like a normal animal.
Pyoderma requires intensive, conscientious treatment, sometimes for prolonged periods of time.
Some pets may even require life-long medications to keep the problem under control, few cases, are incurable.
For more information contact your local animal clinic or animal hospital.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/pyoderma.htm
Pyoderma is the medical term for a bacterial skin infection. Bacteria are found everywhere in the environment. Normal, healthy skin is usually very resistant to the development of skin infections.
Pyoderma usually is the result of some type irritation which damages the skin making it more susceptible to infection.
Causes of skin damage which increases susceptibility include FLEAS, scratching from allergies, dry skin, ringworm, sarcoptic or demodectic mange, and topically applied irritating substances including many flea sprays and dips.
Animals that develop recurrent pyoderma often have poorly functioning immune systems that prevents their body from fighting off these infections like a normal animal.
Pyoderma requires intensive, conscientious treatment, sometimes for prolonged periods of time.
Some pets may even require life-long medications to keep the problem under control, few cases, are incurable.
For more information contact your local animal clinic or animal hospital.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/pyoderma.htm
veterinary information on pulmonary edema
PULMONARY EDEMA
PULMONARY EDEMA is a medical term for an abnormal accumulation of fluid within the lung tissue. This condition can be very dangerous for your pet because this accumulation of fluid prevents adequate intake of oxygen by the lungs. The fluid build-up provides a barrier between the air sacs and the air that is inhaled. Therefore the oxygen in the air cannot be absorbed into the body tissues. If adequate oxygenation of the body does not occur, it can cause death very quickly.
There are many causes of Pulmonary Edema. It may be due to trauma, exposure to irritating substances, shock, infection, or heart disease.
Pulmonary Edema is life-threatening and requires very quick and intensive treatment. Treatment includes increasing the available oxygen supply by supplementing the pet with extra oxygen, drugs to remove the fluid accumulation, minimizing the body needs during this period of crisis by restricting exercise, and drugs to enlarge the air passages. Hospitalization is usually required.
For more information contact your local animal hospital or animal emergency clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/pulmonary%20Edema.htm
PULMONARY EDEMA is a medical term for an abnormal accumulation of fluid within the lung tissue. This condition can be very dangerous for your pet because this accumulation of fluid prevents adequate intake of oxygen by the lungs. The fluid build-up provides a barrier between the air sacs and the air that is inhaled. Therefore the oxygen in the air cannot be absorbed into the body tissues. If adequate oxygenation of the body does not occur, it can cause death very quickly.
There are many causes of Pulmonary Edema. It may be due to trauma, exposure to irritating substances, shock, infection, or heart disease.
Pulmonary Edema is life-threatening and requires very quick and intensive treatment. Treatment includes increasing the available oxygen supply by supplementing the pet with extra oxygen, drugs to remove the fluid accumulation, minimizing the body needs during this period of crisis by restricting exercise, and drugs to enlarge the air passages. Hospitalization is usually required.
For more information contact your local animal hospital or animal emergency clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/pulmonary%20Edema.htm
Veterinary Information on Protozoan Diarrhea
PROTOZOAN DIARRHEA
Protozoan Diarrhea is classified as a group of diseases caused by several, one-cell organisms that include Giardia, Trichomonas, and Coccidia.
These organisms may normally be found in the intestine in very small numbers, but multiply greatly in an intestinal tract irritated by other problems, such as: internal parasites (worms), diet changes, viral infections and stress.
These organisms are visible only under the microscope, and are entirely different from “worms,” and therefore cannot be treated with deworming medications.
These diseases may spread from one animal to another by contact with feces (stools) from infected individuals.
It is much more severe in younger or weakened animals. It causes a “mushy” or “watery” type of diarrhea. Sometimes vomiting is also seen with this disease.
Often, these diseases weaken the animal making it more susceptible to other diseases at this time.
Diagnosis is by microscopic examination of the feces (stools)
For more information contact your local animal emergency clinic or animal hospital.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/protozoan%20Diarrhea.htm
Protozoan Diarrhea is classified as a group of diseases caused by several, one-cell organisms that include Giardia, Trichomonas, and Coccidia.
These organisms may normally be found in the intestine in very small numbers, but multiply greatly in an intestinal tract irritated by other problems, such as: internal parasites (worms), diet changes, viral infections and stress.
These organisms are visible only under the microscope, and are entirely different from “worms,” and therefore cannot be treated with deworming medications.
These diseases may spread from one animal to another by contact with feces (stools) from infected individuals.
It is much more severe in younger or weakened animals. It causes a “mushy” or “watery” type of diarrhea. Sometimes vomiting is also seen with this disease.
Often, these diseases weaken the animal making it more susceptible to other diseases at this time.
Diagnosis is by microscopic examination of the feces (stools)
For more information contact your local animal emergency clinic or animal hospital.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/protozoan%20Diarrhea.htm
Veterinary information on Patella Luxation
PATELLA LUXATION
The patella (knee cap) is a movable bone located over the knee that connects the muscles of the thigh to the lower leg. When the patella functions correctly, the dog can use the leg well. Patellar luxation is a dislocation of the knee cap most often seen in small dogs. Most of these animals are born with this problem and usually both knees are affected. A fall or twisting injury may aggravate the already existing condition.
A common symptom of this “trick knee” condition is a dog who occasionally holds the leg while running but spontaneously starts using it again.
This happens as the cap pops in and out of place. Often the dog will give out a short cry or yelp when this happens.
To prevent crippling arthritis and deformity of the knee, surgery is often recommended. Several different types of surgery have been developed and we will discuss the one that will most help your pet.
For more information contact your local animal emergency clinic or Orthopedic Veterinarian.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/patella%20luzation.htm
The patella (knee cap) is a movable bone located over the knee that connects the muscles of the thigh to the lower leg. When the patella functions correctly, the dog can use the leg well. Patellar luxation is a dislocation of the knee cap most often seen in small dogs. Most of these animals are born with this problem and usually both knees are affected. A fall or twisting injury may aggravate the already existing condition.
A common symptom of this “trick knee” condition is a dog who occasionally holds the leg while running but spontaneously starts using it again.
This happens as the cap pops in and out of place. Often the dog will give out a short cry or yelp when this happens.
To prevent crippling arthritis and deformity of the knee, surgery is often recommended. Several different types of surgery have been developed and we will discuss the one that will most help your pet.
For more information contact your local animal emergency clinic or Orthopedic Veterinarian.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/patella%20luzation.htm
Veterinary information on Pancreatitis
PANCREATITIS
Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas, an abdominal organ needed for the digestion of food. It is attached to the first part of the intestine below the stomach.
Functions of the pancreas include controlling the blood sugar level as well as producing chemicals needed to help break down food into products the body can use.
The healthy pancreas produces potent “enzymes” to help in the digestion of food--BUT when pancreatitis occurs, these same enzymes can begin to destroy the pancreas itself. This causes severe abdominal pain and discomfort.
In mild cases, the pet recovers in a few days with proper treatment. In SEVERE cases, the tissue of the pancreas is damaged badly allowing the digestive juices present to leak out into the abdomen irritating other abdominal organs. This causes great pain and inflammation. Bacterial infection often begins creation of more problems.
Acute shock and even death can result from damage done by Acute Pancreatitis.
Animals that develop pancreatitis usually have a history of being over-weight, exposed to garbage, or fed fatty foods.
Signs may include loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, restlessness, acute intense abdominal pain, and possibly abdominal distention.
Diagnosis is made by history, clinical signs seen on physical examination, radiographs, and laboratory blood tests.
In order for the pancreas to heal, it must be completely “rested” to allow time to recuperate. Your pet may be hospitalized so that no food, water, or medications need be given orally until the acute signs subside. Anything given by mouth can stimulate the pancreas to produce more destructive enzymes, which, of course, we want to prevent. During this time of hospitalization all nutrition, fluids, and drugs will be given by injection which allows the pancreas to rest.
Recurrence is common. It is very IMPORTANT that you prevent access to foods that might lead to another attack. Low-fat diets are often required for the rest of the pet’s life to avoid problems. Diet control is the key to avoiding future attacks.
Severe scarring of the pancreas can lead to other problems such as liver diseases, diabetes, and inability to properly digest food. If enough of the pancreas has been destroyed, daily food supplementation with digestive aids may be needed to insure the pet can digest food sufficiently to maintain a healthy body.
Early diagnosis and treatment followed by conscientious home care will give your pet the best chance of recovery.
For more information contact your local animal emergency hospital or animal clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/pancreatitis.htm
Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas, an abdominal organ needed for the digestion of food. It is attached to the first part of the intestine below the stomach.
Functions of the pancreas include controlling the blood sugar level as well as producing chemicals needed to help break down food into products the body can use.
The healthy pancreas produces potent “enzymes” to help in the digestion of food--BUT when pancreatitis occurs, these same enzymes can begin to destroy the pancreas itself. This causes severe abdominal pain and discomfort.
In mild cases, the pet recovers in a few days with proper treatment. In SEVERE cases, the tissue of the pancreas is damaged badly allowing the digestive juices present to leak out into the abdomen irritating other abdominal organs. This causes great pain and inflammation. Bacterial infection often begins creation of more problems.
Acute shock and even death can result from damage done by Acute Pancreatitis.
Animals that develop pancreatitis usually have a history of being over-weight, exposed to garbage, or fed fatty foods.
Signs may include loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, restlessness, acute intense abdominal pain, and possibly abdominal distention.
Diagnosis is made by history, clinical signs seen on physical examination, radiographs, and laboratory blood tests.
In order for the pancreas to heal, it must be completely “rested” to allow time to recuperate. Your pet may be hospitalized so that no food, water, or medications need be given orally until the acute signs subside. Anything given by mouth can stimulate the pancreas to produce more destructive enzymes, which, of course, we want to prevent. During this time of hospitalization all nutrition, fluids, and drugs will be given by injection which allows the pancreas to rest.
Recurrence is common. It is very IMPORTANT that you prevent access to foods that might lead to another attack. Low-fat diets are often required for the rest of the pet’s life to avoid problems. Diet control is the key to avoiding future attacks.
Severe scarring of the pancreas can lead to other problems such as liver diseases, diabetes, and inability to properly digest food. If enough of the pancreas has been destroyed, daily food supplementation with digestive aids may be needed to insure the pet can digest food sufficiently to maintain a healthy body.
Early diagnosis and treatment followed by conscientious home care will give your pet the best chance of recovery.
For more information contact your local animal emergency hospital or animal clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/pancreatitis.htm
veterinary information on Liver disease
LIVER DISEASE
The liver is the largest gland in the body. It is located in the abdominal cavity and lies just in front of the stomach next to the diaphragm. The liver is the body’s “detoxifier.” All of the blood circulates through the liver to be filtered and cleaned before returning to the heart.
Liver disease can present itself very quickly or can occur very slowly over many months.
CAUSES of liver disease include infections, consumption or exposure to poisons, abnormal blood flow (usually a birth defect), and hereditary disorders. Cats can also develop liver disease from just not eating for a few days, regardless of the cause of the poor appetite. Liver disease can result in inflammation of the liver, bile stones, decreased production of enzymes aiding digestion, and cirrhosis.
SIGNS of Liver Disease:
1. Loss of appetite
2. Depression
3. Vomiting
4. Jaundice (yellowish discoloration of the lips or eyes)
5. Increased thirst
6. Discoloration of the urine or stool
7. Bloating of the abdomen due to fluid build-up
8. Bruises on the gums or belly due to poor blood clotting ability
DIAGNOSIS of the specific type of liver disease is confirmed by physical examination, blood tests, ultrasound testing, radiographs (x-rays), and sometimes biopsy.
TREATMENT OF LIVER DISEASE. The liver has a tremendous ability to regenerate and heal. Prescription diets are an important component of successful treatment. Prescription diets contain specific nutrients most easily digested minimizing the work-load on the diseased liver while allowing for optimum nutrition to aid the healing process. Many pets with liver disease will recover and live normal lives. Your pet’s treatment may include:
1. Antibiotics to prevent or eliminate bacterial infection.
2. Medications to help prevent a build-up of fatty deposits in the liver.
3. Steroids or other anti-inflammatory drugs to counteract severe inflammation of the liver.
4. IV fluids and nutritional supplementation in advanced cases.
5. Pain medications.
6. Anti-nausea drugs for vomiting and cramping.
7. Drugs to decrease the acid secretion into the stomach causing vomiting.
8. DIET: Feed several small meals/day instead of 1-2 larger meals. Table scraps should be avoided for the rest of the pet’s life.
Recommended Diet For Your Pet: ____________________________________
9. Notify the clinic if your pet appears to worsen in any way, or if vomiting continues for more than 24 hours.
MASTITIS, METRITIS, & AGLACTIA
This group of problems causes the loss of many puppies and kittens:
1. Mastitis: Inflammation of the breasts, with or without infection.
2. Metritis: Infection of the uterus.
3. Aglactia: A lack of milk production.
There are many causes of these diseases. Often it begins with the retention of parts of the placenta (afterbirth) during the birth process. This material is not expelled from the uterus but rather begins to decay inside the uterus itself.
As this material begins to rot, the poisons produced are absorbed into the blood-stream of the female. This poison may cause your pet to become systemically sick, as well as “ poisoning” the milk or decreasing the milk production.
The newborn offspring become depressed and die from dehydration because the milk is too concentrated, or from the poisons and bacteria which are then present in the milk.
Metritis may become life-threatening to your pet, requiring immediate hysterectomy if her life is to be saved.
Many cases also become chronic causing recurrent infections, inability to breed, future premature births, or more mastitis in future litters.
In severe cases of mastitis, the breast may turn purple, and even rupture draining pus.
For more information contact your local animal emergency clinic or veterinarian.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/liver%20disease.htm
The liver is the largest gland in the body. It is located in the abdominal cavity and lies just in front of the stomach next to the diaphragm. The liver is the body’s “detoxifier.” All of the blood circulates through the liver to be filtered and cleaned before returning to the heart.
Liver disease can present itself very quickly or can occur very slowly over many months.
CAUSES of liver disease include infections, consumption or exposure to poisons, abnormal blood flow (usually a birth defect), and hereditary disorders. Cats can also develop liver disease from just not eating for a few days, regardless of the cause of the poor appetite. Liver disease can result in inflammation of the liver, bile stones, decreased production of enzymes aiding digestion, and cirrhosis.
SIGNS of Liver Disease:
1. Loss of appetite
2. Depression
3. Vomiting
4. Jaundice (yellowish discoloration of the lips or eyes)
5. Increased thirst
6. Discoloration of the urine or stool
7. Bloating of the abdomen due to fluid build-up
8. Bruises on the gums or belly due to poor blood clotting ability
DIAGNOSIS of the specific type of liver disease is confirmed by physical examination, blood tests, ultrasound testing, radiographs (x-rays), and sometimes biopsy.
TREATMENT OF LIVER DISEASE. The liver has a tremendous ability to regenerate and heal. Prescription diets are an important component of successful treatment. Prescription diets contain specific nutrients most easily digested minimizing the work-load on the diseased liver while allowing for optimum nutrition to aid the healing process. Many pets with liver disease will recover and live normal lives. Your pet’s treatment may include:
1. Antibiotics to prevent or eliminate bacterial infection.
2. Medications to help prevent a build-up of fatty deposits in the liver.
3. Steroids or other anti-inflammatory drugs to counteract severe inflammation of the liver.
4. IV fluids and nutritional supplementation in advanced cases.
5. Pain medications.
6. Anti-nausea drugs for vomiting and cramping.
7. Drugs to decrease the acid secretion into the stomach causing vomiting.
8. DIET: Feed several small meals/day instead of 1-2 larger meals. Table scraps should be avoided for the rest of the pet’s life.
Recommended Diet For Your Pet: ____________________________________
9. Notify the clinic if your pet appears to worsen in any way, or if vomiting continues for more than 24 hours.
MASTITIS, METRITIS, & AGLACTIA
This group of problems causes the loss of many puppies and kittens:
1. Mastitis: Inflammation of the breasts, with or without infection.
2. Metritis: Infection of the uterus.
3. Aglactia: A lack of milk production.
There are many causes of these diseases. Often it begins with the retention of parts of the placenta (afterbirth) during the birth process. This material is not expelled from the uterus but rather begins to decay inside the uterus itself.
As this material begins to rot, the poisons produced are absorbed into the blood-stream of the female. This poison may cause your pet to become systemically sick, as well as “ poisoning” the milk or decreasing the milk production.
The newborn offspring become depressed and die from dehydration because the milk is too concentrated, or from the poisons and bacteria which are then present in the milk.
Metritis may become life-threatening to your pet, requiring immediate hysterectomy if her life is to be saved.
Many cases also become chronic causing recurrent infections, inability to breed, future premature births, or more mastitis in future litters.
In severe cases of mastitis, the breast may turn purple, and even rupture draining pus.
For more information contact your local animal emergency clinic or veterinarian.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/liver%20disease.htm
Veterinary information on Knee Joint conditions
KNEE JOINT CONDITIONS
Joints allow movement between bones. Movement is controlled by ligaments and tendons which are made of very tough tissue which are attached to the bones. The knee joint is particularly susceptible to damage from strained or torn ligaments.
PATELLA LUXATION is the medical term for a dislocation of the kneecap.
It is most often seen in the smaller breeds and may be inherited. Many Poodles, Chihuahuas , and other small breeds inherit a very shallow groove on the femur in which the kneecap must ride. Any injury resulting in a stretching or twisting of the knee causes the ligaments to tear allowing instability of the patella in its rightful place. It usually is displaced to the inside of the leg and often may “pop” back into proper location when the leg is straightened taking pressure off the joint. The leg usually appears to be turned inward when viewed from the rear of the dog. Many times, both rear legs are affected. It is often possible to push the affected patella in and out of proper position. Surgery is often necessary if lameness persists to prevent later arthritis. Surgery involves deepening the notch in the femur where it should remain positioned and tightening of the various ligaments.
ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RUPTURE:
The Anterior Cruciate Ligament attaches the femur to the tibia (“shinbone”) preventing excessive motion between these two bones keeping the joint stable. Over-extension of the knee joint may tear this ligament allowing the two bones to slide back and forth causing pain, lameness, and instability.
Excessive movement over a period of time leads to arthritis and pain. Overweight dogs are most susceptible due to the excess pressure created on the joints. Conservative medical therapy initially using anti-inflammatory drugs may allow healing if the ligaments are merely stretched instead of being torn.
COMPLETE rest is essential for any chance of healing to occur.
If the ligamentis actually torn, even partially torn, surgical repair will be needed to form new ligaments and tighten the joint giving stability needed for normal movement and activity.
COLLATERAL LIGAMENT RUPTURE of the knee allows the femur and tibia to move from side to side. Surgical repair involves reconstructing these ligaments.
SURGICAL AFTERCARE:
1. Limit exercise. (NO jumping, steps, or slippery floors!)
2. Exercise leg twice daily to prevent joint stiffness. BE GENTLE!
3. Give pain medication as directed.
4. Give antibiotics as directed.
5. Recheck in _____ days.
6. Sutures out in ten days.
7. Notify the clinic if any of the following occur:
(a) Severe pain or discomfort.
(b) Swelling, redness, or drainage at the incision site.
(c) Constant chewing at the sutures.
(d) Vomiting or diarrhea.
(e) Any change in general health.
For more information contact your local orthopedic surgeon.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/knee_joint.htm
Joints allow movement between bones. Movement is controlled by ligaments and tendons which are made of very tough tissue which are attached to the bones. The knee joint is particularly susceptible to damage from strained or torn ligaments.
PATELLA LUXATION is the medical term for a dislocation of the kneecap.
It is most often seen in the smaller breeds and may be inherited. Many Poodles, Chihuahuas , and other small breeds inherit a very shallow groove on the femur in which the kneecap must ride. Any injury resulting in a stretching or twisting of the knee causes the ligaments to tear allowing instability of the patella in its rightful place. It usually is displaced to the inside of the leg and often may “pop” back into proper location when the leg is straightened taking pressure off the joint. The leg usually appears to be turned inward when viewed from the rear of the dog. Many times, both rear legs are affected. It is often possible to push the affected patella in and out of proper position. Surgery is often necessary if lameness persists to prevent later arthritis. Surgery involves deepening the notch in the femur where it should remain positioned and tightening of the various ligaments.
ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RUPTURE:
The Anterior Cruciate Ligament attaches the femur to the tibia (“shinbone”) preventing excessive motion between these two bones keeping the joint stable. Over-extension of the knee joint may tear this ligament allowing the two bones to slide back and forth causing pain, lameness, and instability.
Excessive movement over a period of time leads to arthritis and pain. Overweight dogs are most susceptible due to the excess pressure created on the joints. Conservative medical therapy initially using anti-inflammatory drugs may allow healing if the ligaments are merely stretched instead of being torn.
COMPLETE rest is essential for any chance of healing to occur.
If the ligamentis actually torn, even partially torn, surgical repair will be needed to form new ligaments and tighten the joint giving stability needed for normal movement and activity.
COLLATERAL LIGAMENT RUPTURE of the knee allows the femur and tibia to move from side to side. Surgical repair involves reconstructing these ligaments.
SURGICAL AFTERCARE:
1. Limit exercise. (NO jumping, steps, or slippery floors!)
2. Exercise leg twice daily to prevent joint stiffness. BE GENTLE!
3. Give pain medication as directed.
4. Give antibiotics as directed.
5. Recheck in _____ days.
6. Sutures out in ten days.
7. Notify the clinic if any of the following occur:
(a) Severe pain or discomfort.
(b) Swelling, redness, or drainage at the incision site.
(c) Constant chewing at the sutures.
(d) Vomiting or diarrhea.
(e) Any change in general health.
For more information contact your local orthopedic surgeon.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/knee_joint.htm
veterinary information on KIDNEY DISEASE (Chronic)
KIDNEY DISEASE (Chronic)
The main function of the kidney is to filter the body’s blood supply of body poisons and waste products. All of the body’s blood flows through the kidneys to be cleansed of all chemicals not needed by the body. The kidney allows some of the water and other essential substances to pass back into the bloodstream to maintain the normal body composition while excreting waste products into the bladder.
Causes of kidney disease include birth defects, bacterial or viral infections, injury, poisons, stones, cancer and many others. If the kidneys are damaged severely, they are not able to perform properly, so waste materials accumulate in the blood, poisoning the body.
The more common forms of kidney disease are often progressive and may become more serious, especially without proper care. However, most pets are able to recover from many forms of kidney disease with proper treatment and diet changes.
The body continues to function normally as long as there remains at least 10% functional kidney tissue.
Initial signs of kidney disease include: loss of appetite, increased water consumption, and increased urination. Later signs include: vomiting, depression, and dehydration resulting from an inadequate amount of water in the body from vomiting, inability to drink, or excessive urine output.
Signs of kidney disease are seen when damage reaches the point that the kidneys cannot rid the body of waste products that accumulate continuously or when the delicate fluid/electrolyte balance of the body cannot be maintained.
Excessive urine is allowed to pass through the kidneys once severe damage occurs. This results in dehydration causing the pet to drink more and more leading to a continually increasing volume of urine. The cycle gets worse and worse.
Vomiting, diarrhea, and difficult breathing appear as the disease progresses with a buildup of waste products in the blood stream.
Anemia may occur in severe cases because the kidneys are involved in the production of red blood cells.
MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE:
1. Allow free access to clean, fresh water.
2. Protect your pet from stress, such as extreme exertion, excitement, and hot or cold temperatures.
3. Feed Prescription Diet k/dÒ or u/dÒ as directed.
These diets are specially formulated to reduce the demands on the kidney. The highest quality protein available
must be utilized to decrease the continuing damage occurring within the kidneys.
4. Give drugs as directed depending on the type of kidney disease present.
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: Basic Information
The kidneys are very important body organs. Normal kidneys filter and remove waste materials that result from normal body functioning from the blood stream. They also regulate the amount of fluid retained by the body as well as play a major role in maintaining the overall strength of the blood supply. Anemia is a common problem in pets with chronic kidney disease.
Kidney disease may have many causes: inherited defects, infections, poisons and toxic substances, and nutritional factors. Old age is also a common factor in the condition termed “chronic renal failure” and is the primary cause of death in many older pets. Often the exact cause of kidney failure cannot be determined, but with careful examination and testing, the severity of the disease can be evaluated so that the best method of management for the condition can be recommended. Some of these tests include:
1. Urine analysis
2. Urine cultures to identify specific infections
3. Blood chemistry testing
4. Radiographs (X-rays)
5. Kidney biopsy
SIGNS OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE ARE A RESULT OF BODY WASTE MATERIALS BUILDING UP IN THE BLOODSTREAM BECAUSE THE KIDNEYS ARE NOT FUNCTIONING PROPERLY.
SIGNS INCLUDE:
1. Loss of appetite
2. Increase thirst (water consumption)
3. Increased frequency of urination
4. Poor haircoat
5. Depression
6. Vomiting
TREATMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. In the early stages of chronic kidney failure, successful management is possible by feeding special prescription diets. These prescription foods will help control salt loss and reduce the amount of toxic waste products that are found in regular foods, which heavily burden weakened kidneys. Several diets are available and the appropriate one will be recommended for your particular pet after evaluation to determine the severity of the problem. It is very important to follow our diet recommendations closely. Nothing else should be fed (including treats!) without our recommendation. This means no meat, eggs, cheese, bones, or rawhide chew strips. Fresh clean water should always be available to the pet. Limiting water availability to your pet can be fatal. Frequent monitoring of the various tests related to kidney function is a must to provide your pet the longest and best quality of life possible.
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: Helping Your Patient Live With It
The main function of the kidney is to remove metabolic poisons and waste products from the body’s blood supply. The kidneys act as in-line filters for the blood stream.
All of the body’s blood circulates through the kidneys eventually. There it is cleansed of all chemicals not needed by the body. The kidneys filter the blood in two steps. In the first step, nearly all of the dissolved chemicals are removed from the blood. In the second step, some of the desirable items such as blood sugar, most of the water, and certain other essential substances are returned to the blood stream. All of the chemicals that were filtered out of the blood in the first step and not returned to the blood in the second step are excreted as urine.
That’s the way it is supposed to work. But kidney disease changes things. Kidney disease is an insidiously progressive disease that destroys the kidney. Causes of kidney disease include birth defects, bacterial or viral infections, injury, certain medications, poisons, kidney stones, bladder stones, cancer and many other things. Frequently, the cause cannot be determined. If the kidneys are damaged severely, they will not be able to perform properly, so waste materials accumulate in the blood, poisoning the body.
Signs of kidney disease become apparent once damage reaches the point at which the kidneys cannot rid the body of the metabolic waste products that accumulate continuously, or when the delicate fluid/electrolyte balance of the body cannot be maintained. This point varies from pet to pet, but in general, 2/3 of the functional kidney mass must be lost before symptoms of kidney disease become apparent. Once a kidney is damaged, regeneration does not occur.
It is important to remember that the body can continue to function fairly normal as long as there remains at least 10% functional kidney tissue. In our experience, many pets are able to live out fairly normal lives with kidney disease as long as it is detected early, and proper treatment and diet changes are started promptly.
Signs of Kidney Disease
Signs of kidney disease can appear suddenly or develop slowly over time. Other diseases can also produce the same constellation of symptoms. Initial signs of kidney disease include: malaise or lethargy, loss of appetite, poor or unkempt haircoat, increased water consumption (often overlooked in cats), and increased urination
Later signs include vomiting, diarrhea, depression, and dehydration. This latter development is often surprising to pet owners. It results from an inadequate amount of water in the body, from water loss due to vomiting, from inability to drink and/or from excessive urine output.
Once severe kidney damage has occurred, excessive urine is allowed to pass through the kidneys. This is actually a defensive mechanism employed by the kidneys. Unfortunately, there is a tendency over time for this to result in dehydration. The dehydration, in turn, causes the pet to drink more and more, leading to a continually increasing volume of urine. The cycle gets worse and worse.
Vomiting, diarrhea, and difficult breathing appear as the disease progresses with a buildup of waste products in the blood stream. Anemia may occur in severe cases because hormones from the kidneys are involved in the production of red blood cells.
Treatment: Treatment of kidney diseases is general focused on the following general concepts:
* Maintenance of proper hydration and water intake.
* Dietary optimization.
* Stress avoidance.
* Elimination or minimization of other treatable concurrent problems that may be interfering with kidney function. This includes things such as:
1. Infection
2. Partial or complete urinary output obstruction
3. Heart disease
4. Electrolyte imbalances
GENERAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR PETS WITH KIDNEY DISEASE
1. Maintain access to fresh, clean, water at all times. Change the water daily.
2. Protect your pet from environmental and psychological stresses. These would include such things as extreme exertion, excitement, excessively hot or cold temperatures, new household pets, kenneling, long trips, excessive exercise, etc.
3. Diet optimization is one of the cornerstones of kidney disease management.
Feed only Prescription Diet k/d® or Prescription Diet u/d® as directed. These diets are specially formulated to reduce the demands on the kidney. The highest quality protein available must be utilized to decrease the continuing damage occurring within the kidneys.
If your pet is a nibbler (most cats are), leave food available at all times. Otherwise, feed 3-4 small meals daily, rather than one large meal. Allow your pet to eat all that it wants, unless free-choice feeding causes obesity. If weight loss occurs in spite of good appetite, increase the amounts of dietary fats for cats or increase the amounts of dietary carbohydrates for dogs. Maintain your pet’s body weight at an optimal level. Your pet should be trim and have a marked waistline.
Warning: Many pets initially refuse the new food. BE PERSISTENT. Match wits with them. Dietary optimization is crucial for long term maintenance. Getting your pet on the right food could literally add years to his/her life.
If your pet absolutely refuses to eat any k/dÒ or u/dÒ, then try one of the homemade diets shown below. Be aware, however, that these homemade diets are not nearly as beneficial to the pet as the k/dÒ or u/dÒ,.
All of these special diets - k/dÒ or u/dÒ,, and the homemade diets - should be supplemented with additional amounts of the water-soluble vitamins (B & C) and zinc.
4. Additional medications may be required depending on the severity and type of kidney disease present.
Some patients require an oral phosphorous binder to help reduce blood phosphorous levels.
Some patients require medication to suppress vomiting.
Some patients require medications to help acidify the blood.
Some patients require genetically engineered medications to reverse their anemia.
Other require a special type of vitamin D3 to help normalize calcium balance.
5. Repeat kidney tests and urinalysis every 30-60 days, until your pet’s condition has been stabilized, and then every 4 months from then on.
Canine Restricted Protein Diet
¼ lb. Ground beef (do not use lean ground chuck)
2 cups cooked white rice, without salt
1 hard cooked egg, finely chopped
3 slices of white bread, crumbled
1 t (5 g) calcium carbonate
(from ground egg shell or health food store)
Vitamin and Mineral supplement
Cook the beef in a skillet, stirring until lightly browned. Stir in the remaining ingredients and mix well. The resulting mixture is somewhat dry and its palatability can be improved by adding a little water (not milk). Keep covered in refrigerator. Yields about 1 ¼ lb.
Initially, feed at a rate of ¼ lb of food per 5 lb of body weight. Adjust up or down as necessary to maintain normal body weight.
Feline Restricted Protein Diet
¼ lb liver (from beef, liver, or chicken only)
2 large hard cooked eggs
1 tablespoon vegetable oil
1 t (5 g) calcium carbonate
(from ground egg shell or health food store)
1/8 teaspoon KCI (salt substitute)
Vitamin and Mineral supplement
Taurine supplement - cats need about 250 mg/day
Dice and braise the meat, retaining all the fat. Combine all ingredients and mix well. The resulting mixture is somewhat dry and its palatability can be improved by adding a little water (not milk). Keep covered in refrigerator. Yields about 1 ¼ lb.
Initially, feed at a rate of ¼ lb of food per 5 lb of body weight. Adjust up or down as necessary to maintain normal body weight.
HELPING PETS WITH KIDNEY DISEASE
1. Provide your pet unlimited access to fresh water. Change it daily.
2. Avoid physical or psychological stress if possible. (such as kenneling, long trips, excessive exercise, etc.)
3. Regulate your pet’s diet. Feed only a prescription kidney diet (Prescription Diet k/dÒ or u/dÒ,) or a special homemade diet:
A. High animal fat (tallow, lard, bird fat, unsalted butter)
(about 40% of diet for cats; 30% for dogs)
B. Low amount, high-quality protein (cooked egg, chicken, fish, lean muscle meat)
(no more than 30% of diet for cats; 20% for dogs)
C. Carbohydrate (rice, pasta, potato, bread)
(40% of diet for cats; 50% for dogs)
D. Restrict salt intake. Do not use ingredients with a lot of preservatives, as they are usually sodium salts which can lead to high blood pressure in pets with kidney disease.
E. To increase palatability, warm the food or mix in well a little chicken fat or unsalted butter.
F. To increase palatability, add Potassium Chloride Salt.
4. If your pet is a nibbler, leave food available at all times. Otherwise, feed 3-4 small meals daily rather than
one large meal. Allow your pet to eat all that it wants, unless free-feeding causes obesity. If weight loss
occurs in spite of good appetite, increase fats (cats) or carbohydrates (dogs). There are also drugs which can be used to increase appetite.
5. Maintain your pet’s body weight at an optimal level. Your pet should be trim and have a marked waistline.
6. Supplement with water-soluble vitamins (B & C) and zinc. Give zinc at 1/2 milligram/pound body weight per day.
7. Repeat kidney tests and urinalysis every 30-60 days until your pet’s condition has been stabilized and then every 4 months from then on.
8. Give your pet 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate/11 pounds of body weight every 12 hours or with each meal to treat an increased acid content of the blood. This dose equals about one level teaspoon/60 #.
9. Give your pet 60 milligrams of aluminum hydroxide (1/5 of an Amphogel 300 tablet) per 11 pounds of body weight every 12 hours or with meals to lower phosphorous absorption from food.
10. Give your pet 0.25 micrograms of calcitrol (Rocaltrol capsules) every other day. This is a special, synthetic Vitamin D3 for kidney patients.
Body Weight: _____________
For more information contact your local animal clinic or animal emergency clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/kidney%20disease.htm
The main function of the kidney is to filter the body’s blood supply of body poisons and waste products. All of the body’s blood flows through the kidneys to be cleansed of all chemicals not needed by the body. The kidney allows some of the water and other essential substances to pass back into the bloodstream to maintain the normal body composition while excreting waste products into the bladder.
Causes of kidney disease include birth defects, bacterial or viral infections, injury, poisons, stones, cancer and many others. If the kidneys are damaged severely, they are not able to perform properly, so waste materials accumulate in the blood, poisoning the body.
The more common forms of kidney disease are often progressive and may become more serious, especially without proper care. However, most pets are able to recover from many forms of kidney disease with proper treatment and diet changes.
The body continues to function normally as long as there remains at least 10% functional kidney tissue.
Initial signs of kidney disease include: loss of appetite, increased water consumption, and increased urination. Later signs include: vomiting, depression, and dehydration resulting from an inadequate amount of water in the body from vomiting, inability to drink, or excessive urine output.
Signs of kidney disease are seen when damage reaches the point that the kidneys cannot rid the body of waste products that accumulate continuously or when the delicate fluid/electrolyte balance of the body cannot be maintained.
Excessive urine is allowed to pass through the kidneys once severe damage occurs. This results in dehydration causing the pet to drink more and more leading to a continually increasing volume of urine. The cycle gets worse and worse.
Vomiting, diarrhea, and difficult breathing appear as the disease progresses with a buildup of waste products in the blood stream.
Anemia may occur in severe cases because the kidneys are involved in the production of red blood cells.
MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE:
1. Allow free access to clean, fresh water.
2. Protect your pet from stress, such as extreme exertion, excitement, and hot or cold temperatures.
3. Feed Prescription Diet k/dÒ or u/dÒ as directed.
These diets are specially formulated to reduce the demands on the kidney. The highest quality protein available
must be utilized to decrease the continuing damage occurring within the kidneys.
4. Give drugs as directed depending on the type of kidney disease present.
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: Basic Information
The kidneys are very important body organs. Normal kidneys filter and remove waste materials that result from normal body functioning from the blood stream. They also regulate the amount of fluid retained by the body as well as play a major role in maintaining the overall strength of the blood supply. Anemia is a common problem in pets with chronic kidney disease.
Kidney disease may have many causes: inherited defects, infections, poisons and toxic substances, and nutritional factors. Old age is also a common factor in the condition termed “chronic renal failure” and is the primary cause of death in many older pets. Often the exact cause of kidney failure cannot be determined, but with careful examination and testing, the severity of the disease can be evaluated so that the best method of management for the condition can be recommended. Some of these tests include:
1. Urine analysis
2. Urine cultures to identify specific infections
3. Blood chemistry testing
4. Radiographs (X-rays)
5. Kidney biopsy
SIGNS OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE ARE A RESULT OF BODY WASTE MATERIALS BUILDING UP IN THE BLOODSTREAM BECAUSE THE KIDNEYS ARE NOT FUNCTIONING PROPERLY.
SIGNS INCLUDE:
1. Loss of appetite
2. Increase thirst (water consumption)
3. Increased frequency of urination
4. Poor haircoat
5. Depression
6. Vomiting
TREATMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. In the early stages of chronic kidney failure, successful management is possible by feeding special prescription diets. These prescription foods will help control salt loss and reduce the amount of toxic waste products that are found in regular foods, which heavily burden weakened kidneys. Several diets are available and the appropriate one will be recommended for your particular pet after evaluation to determine the severity of the problem. It is very important to follow our diet recommendations closely. Nothing else should be fed (including treats!) without our recommendation. This means no meat, eggs, cheese, bones, or rawhide chew strips. Fresh clean water should always be available to the pet. Limiting water availability to your pet can be fatal. Frequent monitoring of the various tests related to kidney function is a must to provide your pet the longest and best quality of life possible.
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: Helping Your Patient Live With It
The main function of the kidney is to remove metabolic poisons and waste products from the body’s blood supply. The kidneys act as in-line filters for the blood stream.
All of the body’s blood circulates through the kidneys eventually. There it is cleansed of all chemicals not needed by the body. The kidneys filter the blood in two steps. In the first step, nearly all of the dissolved chemicals are removed from the blood. In the second step, some of the desirable items such as blood sugar, most of the water, and certain other essential substances are returned to the blood stream. All of the chemicals that were filtered out of the blood in the first step and not returned to the blood in the second step are excreted as urine.
That’s the way it is supposed to work. But kidney disease changes things. Kidney disease is an insidiously progressive disease that destroys the kidney. Causes of kidney disease include birth defects, bacterial or viral infections, injury, certain medications, poisons, kidney stones, bladder stones, cancer and many other things. Frequently, the cause cannot be determined. If the kidneys are damaged severely, they will not be able to perform properly, so waste materials accumulate in the blood, poisoning the body.
Signs of kidney disease become apparent once damage reaches the point at which the kidneys cannot rid the body of the metabolic waste products that accumulate continuously, or when the delicate fluid/electrolyte balance of the body cannot be maintained. This point varies from pet to pet, but in general, 2/3 of the functional kidney mass must be lost before symptoms of kidney disease become apparent. Once a kidney is damaged, regeneration does not occur.
It is important to remember that the body can continue to function fairly normal as long as there remains at least 10% functional kidney tissue. In our experience, many pets are able to live out fairly normal lives with kidney disease as long as it is detected early, and proper treatment and diet changes are started promptly.
Signs of Kidney Disease
Signs of kidney disease can appear suddenly or develop slowly over time. Other diseases can also produce the same constellation of symptoms. Initial signs of kidney disease include: malaise or lethargy, loss of appetite, poor or unkempt haircoat, increased water consumption (often overlooked in cats), and increased urination
Later signs include vomiting, diarrhea, depression, and dehydration. This latter development is often surprising to pet owners. It results from an inadequate amount of water in the body, from water loss due to vomiting, from inability to drink and/or from excessive urine output.
Once severe kidney damage has occurred, excessive urine is allowed to pass through the kidneys. This is actually a defensive mechanism employed by the kidneys. Unfortunately, there is a tendency over time for this to result in dehydration. The dehydration, in turn, causes the pet to drink more and more, leading to a continually increasing volume of urine. The cycle gets worse and worse.
Vomiting, diarrhea, and difficult breathing appear as the disease progresses with a buildup of waste products in the blood stream. Anemia may occur in severe cases because hormones from the kidneys are involved in the production of red blood cells.
Treatment: Treatment of kidney diseases is general focused on the following general concepts:
* Maintenance of proper hydration and water intake.
* Dietary optimization.
* Stress avoidance.
* Elimination or minimization of other treatable concurrent problems that may be interfering with kidney function. This includes things such as:
1. Infection
2. Partial or complete urinary output obstruction
3. Heart disease
4. Electrolyte imbalances
GENERAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR PETS WITH KIDNEY DISEASE
1. Maintain access to fresh, clean, water at all times. Change the water daily.
2. Protect your pet from environmental and psychological stresses. These would include such things as extreme exertion, excitement, excessively hot or cold temperatures, new household pets, kenneling, long trips, excessive exercise, etc.
3. Diet optimization is one of the cornerstones of kidney disease management.
Feed only Prescription Diet k/d® or Prescription Diet u/d® as directed. These diets are specially formulated to reduce the demands on the kidney. The highest quality protein available must be utilized to decrease the continuing damage occurring within the kidneys.
If your pet is a nibbler (most cats are), leave food available at all times. Otherwise, feed 3-4 small meals daily, rather than one large meal. Allow your pet to eat all that it wants, unless free-choice feeding causes obesity. If weight loss occurs in spite of good appetite, increase the amounts of dietary fats for cats or increase the amounts of dietary carbohydrates for dogs. Maintain your pet’s body weight at an optimal level. Your pet should be trim and have a marked waistline.
Warning: Many pets initially refuse the new food. BE PERSISTENT. Match wits with them. Dietary optimization is crucial for long term maintenance. Getting your pet on the right food could literally add years to his/her life.
If your pet absolutely refuses to eat any k/dÒ or u/dÒ, then try one of the homemade diets shown below. Be aware, however, that these homemade diets are not nearly as beneficial to the pet as the k/dÒ or u/dÒ,.
All of these special diets - k/dÒ or u/dÒ,, and the homemade diets - should be supplemented with additional amounts of the water-soluble vitamins (B & C) and zinc.
4. Additional medications may be required depending on the severity and type of kidney disease present.
Some patients require an oral phosphorous binder to help reduce blood phosphorous levels.
Some patients require medication to suppress vomiting.
Some patients require medications to help acidify the blood.
Some patients require genetically engineered medications to reverse their anemia.
Other require a special type of vitamin D3 to help normalize calcium balance.
5. Repeat kidney tests and urinalysis every 30-60 days, until your pet’s condition has been stabilized, and then every 4 months from then on.
Canine Restricted Protein Diet
¼ lb. Ground beef (do not use lean ground chuck)
2 cups cooked white rice, without salt
1 hard cooked egg, finely chopped
3 slices of white bread, crumbled
1 t (5 g) calcium carbonate
(from ground egg shell or health food store)
Vitamin and Mineral supplement
Cook the beef in a skillet, stirring until lightly browned. Stir in the remaining ingredients and mix well. The resulting mixture is somewhat dry and its palatability can be improved by adding a little water (not milk). Keep covered in refrigerator. Yields about 1 ¼ lb.
Initially, feed at a rate of ¼ lb of food per 5 lb of body weight. Adjust up or down as necessary to maintain normal body weight.
Feline Restricted Protein Diet
¼ lb liver (from beef, liver, or chicken only)
2 large hard cooked eggs
1 tablespoon vegetable oil
1 t (5 g) calcium carbonate
(from ground egg shell or health food store)
1/8 teaspoon KCI (salt substitute)
Vitamin and Mineral supplement
Taurine supplement - cats need about 250 mg/day
Dice and braise the meat, retaining all the fat. Combine all ingredients and mix well. The resulting mixture is somewhat dry and its palatability can be improved by adding a little water (not milk). Keep covered in refrigerator. Yields about 1 ¼ lb.
Initially, feed at a rate of ¼ lb of food per 5 lb of body weight. Adjust up or down as necessary to maintain normal body weight.
HELPING PETS WITH KIDNEY DISEASE
1. Provide your pet unlimited access to fresh water. Change it daily.
2. Avoid physical or psychological stress if possible. (such as kenneling, long trips, excessive exercise, etc.)
3. Regulate your pet’s diet. Feed only a prescription kidney diet (Prescription Diet k/dÒ or u/dÒ,) or a special homemade diet:
A. High animal fat (tallow, lard, bird fat, unsalted butter)
(about 40% of diet for cats; 30% for dogs)
B. Low amount, high-quality protein (cooked egg, chicken, fish, lean muscle meat)
(no more than 30% of diet for cats; 20% for dogs)
C. Carbohydrate (rice, pasta, potato, bread)
(40% of diet for cats; 50% for dogs)
D. Restrict salt intake. Do not use ingredients with a lot of preservatives, as they are usually sodium salts which can lead to high blood pressure in pets with kidney disease.
E. To increase palatability, warm the food or mix in well a little chicken fat or unsalted butter.
F. To increase palatability, add Potassium Chloride Salt.
4. If your pet is a nibbler, leave food available at all times. Otherwise, feed 3-4 small meals daily rather than
one large meal. Allow your pet to eat all that it wants, unless free-feeding causes obesity. If weight loss
occurs in spite of good appetite, increase fats (cats) or carbohydrates (dogs). There are also drugs which can be used to increase appetite.
5. Maintain your pet’s body weight at an optimal level. Your pet should be trim and have a marked waistline.
6. Supplement with water-soluble vitamins (B & C) and zinc. Give zinc at 1/2 milligram/pound body weight per day.
7. Repeat kidney tests and urinalysis every 30-60 days until your pet’s condition has been stabilized and then every 4 months from then on.
8. Give your pet 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate/11 pounds of body weight every 12 hours or with each meal to treat an increased acid content of the blood. This dose equals about one level teaspoon/60 #.
9. Give your pet 60 milligrams of aluminum hydroxide (1/5 of an Amphogel 300 tablet) per 11 pounds of body weight every 12 hours or with meals to lower phosphorous absorption from food.
10. Give your pet 0.25 micrograms of calcitrol (Rocaltrol capsules) every other day. This is a special, synthetic Vitamin D3 for kidney patients.
Body Weight: _____________
For more information contact your local animal clinic or animal emergency clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/kidney%20disease.htm
Veterinary information on IDIOPATHIC EPILEPSY FACTS
IDIOPATHIC EPILEPSY FACTS
1. Usually diagnosed by ruling out other possibilities.
2. Often hereditary—these pets should not be bred.
3. Usually seizures begin between six months of age and five years of age.
4. Often initially show as only as a period of weakness or unawareness.
5. TREATMENT:
A. Not recommended if seizures are four to six weeks apart or longer.
B. Medication:
1. Will be required twice daily.
2. May require a combination of drugs.
C. There is no cure -- only attempt to control seizure.
D. It takes time to get seizure medication regulated properly--be patient!
E. Medication may become ineffective after a period of time requiring altered dosages or different medications. Medications sometimes will not control seizures effectively.
F. Liver Function Tests are necessary every six months while on medication since drugs can be detrimental to the liver.
6. If your pet has a seizure you should:
A. Remain calm.
B. Do NOT put your hand into your pet’s mouth.
C. Be sure the dog is in environment where he will not harm itself. Remove nearby sharp objects and water.
D. Observe your pet closely and call the clinic if the actual seizure is still continuing
after 10 minutes.
E. Call the clinic for medication adjustment if the pet is on preventive medication
For more information contact your local veterinarian or animal emergency hospital.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/epilepsy.htm
1. Usually diagnosed by ruling out other possibilities.
2. Often hereditary—these pets should not be bred.
3. Usually seizures begin between six months of age and five years of age.
4. Often initially show as only as a period of weakness or unawareness.
5. TREATMENT:
A. Not recommended if seizures are four to six weeks apart or longer.
B. Medication:
1. Will be required twice daily.
2. May require a combination of drugs.
C. There is no cure -- only attempt to control seizure.
D. It takes time to get seizure medication regulated properly--be patient!
E. Medication may become ineffective after a period of time requiring altered dosages or different medications. Medications sometimes will not control seizures effectively.
F. Liver Function Tests are necessary every six months while on medication since drugs can be detrimental to the liver.
6. If your pet has a seizure you should:
A. Remain calm.
B. Do NOT put your hand into your pet’s mouth.
C. Be sure the dog is in environment where he will not harm itself. Remove nearby sharp objects and water.
D. Observe your pet closely and call the clinic if the actual seizure is still continuing
after 10 minutes.
E. Call the clinic for medication adjustment if the pet is on preventive medication
For more information contact your local veterinarian or animal emergency hospital.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/epilepsy.htm
Veterinary information on HYPOCALCEMIA
HYPOCALCEMIA
HYPOCALCEMIA is a condition in which the calcium level is too low in the bloodstream. It also is sometimes called “Eclampsia” or “Milk Fever.”
It can occur in any dog or cat but is most commonly seen in small breed dogs that are either pregnant or nursing a litter. The problem is caused by the increased demands of pregnancy or nursing a litter which require high levels of calcium. As the puppies grow inside the mother, the mother’s body must supply calcium through her bloodstream for the bone growth of the puppies. After birth, calcium is supplied through the milk for the puppies’ nutrition. As each day passes, and the puppies grow, more milk (and therefore more calcium) is required.
If the female has a large litter, it increases the demands for milk production and calcium for the puppies. This condition occurs when the calcium level of the blood is decreased below the minimum levels needed for the health of the female.
Early signs of this condition include nervousness, panting, shivering, and muscle tremors. If not treated at this early stage, the condition progresses to seizures and eventually death. Prompt treatment of this condition is required to prevent death.
Hypocalcemia often recurs in later pregnancies, often much quicker than the first time. Often in a later pregnancy, it will occur before birth of the puppies occurs. IT IS IMPORTANT TO SPAY THESE PETS AFTER THE FIRST EPISODE FOR THE WELL-BEING OF YOUR PET!
Initial treatment of this condition requires IV Calcium to replace what is needed by the female. Follow-up doses of calcium and other drugs are often required.
HYPOGLYCEMIA
HYPOGLYCEMIA is cused when a pet’s blood sugar drops significantly below normal levels. Often a reaction to stress, excitement, or over-activity may be the cause. Very common in small puppies--especially the “toy” breeds.
It may be INHERITED or simply a result of the body’s internal organs developing a
little more slowly than normal.
SIGNS include:
1. Loss of energy.
2. Becomes more quiet than normal.
3. Shivering.
4. Wobbly, cannot stand.
5. Semi-comatose or comatose (sleepy).
6. Subnormal body temperature.
7. “Fainting” spells in older dogs, particularly during exercise.
TREATMENT is by replacement of the blood sugar, by IV Injections of Glucose.
Recovery is usually very rapid.
PREVENTION PRECAUTIONS:
(a) All newly arrived puppies, especially toy breeds, should have honey, light Karo
Syrup daily.
(b) Feed high quality puppy/kitten foods.
(c) Monitor food intake to be sure consuming enough food to meet normal body
requirements.
(d) Monitor pets with vomiting and/or diarrhea very closely.
(d) Notify the Veterinarian if you see any of the following signs:
1. Seizures persist or become more severe.
2. Seizures in the absence of exercise or stress.
3. Your pet drinks more water or urinates more frequently.
4. Your pet begins to lose weight.
For more information contact your local veterinarian or animal emergency clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/Hypocalcemia.htm
HYPOCALCEMIA is a condition in which the calcium level is too low in the bloodstream. It also is sometimes called “Eclampsia” or “Milk Fever.”
It can occur in any dog or cat but is most commonly seen in small breed dogs that are either pregnant or nursing a litter. The problem is caused by the increased demands of pregnancy or nursing a litter which require high levels of calcium. As the puppies grow inside the mother, the mother’s body must supply calcium through her bloodstream for the bone growth of the puppies. After birth, calcium is supplied through the milk for the puppies’ nutrition. As each day passes, and the puppies grow, more milk (and therefore more calcium) is required.
If the female has a large litter, it increases the demands for milk production and calcium for the puppies. This condition occurs when the calcium level of the blood is decreased below the minimum levels needed for the health of the female.
Early signs of this condition include nervousness, panting, shivering, and muscle tremors. If not treated at this early stage, the condition progresses to seizures and eventually death. Prompt treatment of this condition is required to prevent death.
Hypocalcemia often recurs in later pregnancies, often much quicker than the first time. Often in a later pregnancy, it will occur before birth of the puppies occurs. IT IS IMPORTANT TO SPAY THESE PETS AFTER THE FIRST EPISODE FOR THE WELL-BEING OF YOUR PET!
Initial treatment of this condition requires IV Calcium to replace what is needed by the female. Follow-up doses of calcium and other drugs are often required.
HYPOGLYCEMIA
HYPOGLYCEMIA is cused when a pet’s blood sugar drops significantly below normal levels. Often a reaction to stress, excitement, or over-activity may be the cause. Very common in small puppies--especially the “toy” breeds.
It may be INHERITED or simply a result of the body’s internal organs developing a
little more slowly than normal.
SIGNS include:
1. Loss of energy.
2. Becomes more quiet than normal.
3. Shivering.
4. Wobbly, cannot stand.
5. Semi-comatose or comatose (sleepy).
6. Subnormal body temperature.
7. “Fainting” spells in older dogs, particularly during exercise.
TREATMENT is by replacement of the blood sugar, by IV Injections of Glucose.
Recovery is usually very rapid.
PREVENTION PRECAUTIONS:
(a) All newly arrived puppies, especially toy breeds, should have honey, light Karo
Syrup daily.
(b) Feed high quality puppy/kitten foods.
(c) Monitor food intake to be sure consuming enough food to meet normal body
requirements.
(d) Monitor pets with vomiting and/or diarrhea very closely.
(d) Notify the Veterinarian if you see any of the following signs:
1. Seizures persist or become more severe.
2. Seizures in the absence of exercise or stress.
3. Your pet drinks more water or urinates more frequently.
4. Your pet begins to lose weight.
For more information contact your local veterinarian or animal emergency clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/Hypocalcemia.htm
Veterinary information on Glaucoma in dogs.
GLAUCOMA
Glaucoma is a condition resulting in an increased fluid pressure within the eyeball and is a common cause of blindness in both dogs and cats. Glaucoma can be very painful!
Glaucoma is a disease that has been diagnosed in 42 breeds of dogs and several breeds of cats. Any mixed breed dog or cat containing these breeds is also susceptible. Since early detection is important to prevent blindness, routine screening for glaucoma should be initiated once pets reach adulthood and continued for the rest of their life each year at the time of the comprehensive physical examination. EARLY DETECTION IS THE ONLY WAY OF CONTROLLING GLAUCOMA!
Normal pressure within the eye is a result of a balance between the production of aqueous humor (fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye) and the continuous drainage of the fluid. If too much fluid is produced or if the fluid’s exit is decreased or blocked, the internal pressure of the eye can rise to dangerous levels, which is known as “glaucoma.”
EXCESSIVE PRESSURE IN THE EYE FLUID CAN PERMANENTLY DESTROY THE EYE. The pressure destroys the retina and causes permanent damage to other vital structures within the eye. The outward appearance of the eye can appear enlarged if glaucoma persists for a long period of time.
There are many causes of glaucoma including birth defects, inflammatory conditions, eye injuries, lens disorders, blockage of the pupil, and tumors.
Once one eye is affected, it often occurs in the other eye. It is very important for the pet’s owner to watch for signs that the other eye is affected.
HOW IS GLAUCOMA TREATED?
1. Hospitalization is often required to stabilize the condition.
2. First priority is given to reducing the pressure, which will also relieve the intense pain that can occur. Early treatment is critical to save vision.
3. Medications are the first line of treatment, but sometimes surgery is required.
4. Frequent rechecks and eye pressure readings are required to monitor therapy.
HOME CARE INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Apply topical medications as directed. Notify the clinic if you are unable to do so.
2. Give oral medications as directed. Notify the clinic if you are unable to do so.
3. Notify the clinic if your pet shows signs of continued discomfort or there is a sudden change in either eye, such as a persistently dilated pupil, cloudy cornea, or “bloodshot” eye.
4. Use a restraint collar to prevent damage from the pet scratching at the eye.
5. Return for ocular pressure monitoring as recommended.
For more information contact your local Veterinarian or animal emergency clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/Glaucoma.htm
Glaucoma is a condition resulting in an increased fluid pressure within the eyeball and is a common cause of blindness in both dogs and cats. Glaucoma can be very painful!
Glaucoma is a disease that has been diagnosed in 42 breeds of dogs and several breeds of cats. Any mixed breed dog or cat containing these breeds is also susceptible. Since early detection is important to prevent blindness, routine screening for glaucoma should be initiated once pets reach adulthood and continued for the rest of their life each year at the time of the comprehensive physical examination. EARLY DETECTION IS THE ONLY WAY OF CONTROLLING GLAUCOMA!
Normal pressure within the eye is a result of a balance between the production of aqueous humor (fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye) and the continuous drainage of the fluid. If too much fluid is produced or if the fluid’s exit is decreased or blocked, the internal pressure of the eye can rise to dangerous levels, which is known as “glaucoma.”
EXCESSIVE PRESSURE IN THE EYE FLUID CAN PERMANENTLY DESTROY THE EYE. The pressure destroys the retina and causes permanent damage to other vital structures within the eye. The outward appearance of the eye can appear enlarged if glaucoma persists for a long period of time.
There are many causes of glaucoma including birth defects, inflammatory conditions, eye injuries, lens disorders, blockage of the pupil, and tumors.
Once one eye is affected, it often occurs in the other eye. It is very important for the pet’s owner to watch for signs that the other eye is affected.
HOW IS GLAUCOMA TREATED?
1. Hospitalization is often required to stabilize the condition.
2. First priority is given to reducing the pressure, which will also relieve the intense pain that can occur. Early treatment is critical to save vision.
3. Medications are the first line of treatment, but sometimes surgery is required.
4. Frequent rechecks and eye pressure readings are required to monitor therapy.
HOME CARE INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Apply topical medications as directed. Notify the clinic if you are unable to do so.
2. Give oral medications as directed. Notify the clinic if you are unable to do so.
3. Notify the clinic if your pet shows signs of continued discomfort or there is a sudden change in either eye, such as a persistently dilated pupil, cloudy cornea, or “bloodshot” eye.
4. Use a restraint collar to prevent damage from the pet scratching at the eye.
5. Return for ocular pressure monitoring as recommended.
For more information contact your local Veterinarian or animal emergency clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/Glaucoma.htm
Veterinary information on Gastroenteritis in dogs
GASTROENTERITIS
Gastroenteritis is simply defined as an inflammation of the stomach and/or intestines. It has many causes that include bacteria, viral, irritating foods, poisons, “bones,” and internal organ malfunctions.
Regardless of the cause, treatment is basically the same. Some cases respond rapidly, while others may take weeks to recover. It is now known it is best NOT to use drugs which slow down the intestinal tract. It is best not to use such drugs as Kaopectate, but rather allow the body to more rapidly rid itself of the toxic substances which may accumulate in the intestine. PREVENTING DEHYDRATION is the most important aspect of treating both vomiting and diarrhea.
For more information contact your local animal emergency clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/gastroenteritis.htm
Gastroenteritis is simply defined as an inflammation of the stomach and/or intestines. It has many causes that include bacteria, viral, irritating foods, poisons, “bones,” and internal organ malfunctions.
Regardless of the cause, treatment is basically the same. Some cases respond rapidly, while others may take weeks to recover. It is now known it is best NOT to use drugs which slow down the intestinal tract. It is best not to use such drugs as Kaopectate, but rather allow the body to more rapidly rid itself of the toxic substances which may accumulate in the intestine. PREVENTING DEHYDRATION is the most important aspect of treating both vomiting and diarrhea.
For more information contact your local animal emergency clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/gastroenteritis.htm
Veterinary information on Eyelid conditions in dogs
COMMON EYELID CONDITIONS
CONJUNCTIVITIS (Inflammation of the inner lining of the eyelids) is often the result of physical abnormalities of the eyelids. These causes often are hereditary or congenital, but sometimes do not appear until later in life. The inflammation most commonly is a result of physical trauma to the eye as a result of the condition, either directly or indirectly. When not properly corrected, the problem continues to recur--possibly leading to blindness.
DISTICHIASIS is the term for a condition in which an extra row of eyelashes is present along the inner edge of the eyelid. These extra eyelashes rub against the eye causing serious discomfort, inflammation, and infection. One of several surgical techniques is required to remove this extra row of eyelashes.
TRICHIASIS is a condition where there are some of the normal row of eyelashes that grow inward toward the eye instead of out in the proper direction. These eyelashes also strike the eye causing pain, inflammation, and infection. Surgical removal of these eyelashes is required to solve the problem.
ECTROPION is an abnormality where the eyelid is rolled outward, often forming a small “pouch” in the eyelid instead of being tight and straight across the eye. This increases the eye’s exposure to foreign material, such as dust and dirt. Obviously this can easily cause trauma and damage to the eye. Surgery is required to remove this “pouch.”
ENTROPION is the term used when the eyelid is rolled inward toward the eye allowing the eyelashes to rub against the eye. This condition can be very painful causing the pet to scratch and rub the eye--often causing further damage. This condition results in discomfort, irritation, inflammation, infection, and possibly loss of vision. It is corrected with surgery by properly aligning the eyelid so that it does not roll inward toward the eye.
KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA is commonly called “dry eye.” The condition occurs when there is insufficient tear production to maintain proper eye lubrication. Without proper lubrication, the outer layers of the eye will “dry out” causing deterioration of these outer layers leading to blindness. The eye often has an accumulation of thick mucous along the eyelid margin. Medical therapy is usually initiated at first to restore tear production. When this fails, surgery is sometimes performed to reroute salivary ducts providing fluid lubrication of the eye.
For more information contact your local veterinarian.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/eyelid_conditions.htm
CONJUNCTIVITIS (Inflammation of the inner lining of the eyelids) is often the result of physical abnormalities of the eyelids. These causes often are hereditary or congenital, but sometimes do not appear until later in life. The inflammation most commonly is a result of physical trauma to the eye as a result of the condition, either directly or indirectly. When not properly corrected, the problem continues to recur--possibly leading to blindness.
DISTICHIASIS is the term for a condition in which an extra row of eyelashes is present along the inner edge of the eyelid. These extra eyelashes rub against the eye causing serious discomfort, inflammation, and infection. One of several surgical techniques is required to remove this extra row of eyelashes.
TRICHIASIS is a condition where there are some of the normal row of eyelashes that grow inward toward the eye instead of out in the proper direction. These eyelashes also strike the eye causing pain, inflammation, and infection. Surgical removal of these eyelashes is required to solve the problem.
ECTROPION is an abnormality where the eyelid is rolled outward, often forming a small “pouch” in the eyelid instead of being tight and straight across the eye. This increases the eye’s exposure to foreign material, such as dust and dirt. Obviously this can easily cause trauma and damage to the eye. Surgery is required to remove this “pouch.”
ENTROPION is the term used when the eyelid is rolled inward toward the eye allowing the eyelashes to rub against the eye. This condition can be very painful causing the pet to scratch and rub the eye--often causing further damage. This condition results in discomfort, irritation, inflammation, infection, and possibly loss of vision. It is corrected with surgery by properly aligning the eyelid so that it does not roll inward toward the eye.
KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA is commonly called “dry eye.” The condition occurs when there is insufficient tear production to maintain proper eye lubrication. Without proper lubrication, the outer layers of the eye will “dry out” causing deterioration of these outer layers leading to blindness. The eye often has an accumulation of thick mucous along the eyelid margin. Medical therapy is usually initiated at first to restore tear production. When this fails, surgery is sometimes performed to reroute salivary ducts providing fluid lubrication of the eye.
For more information contact your local veterinarian.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/eyelid_conditions.htm
Veterinary information on Ear mites
EAR MITES
Ear mites are very small insects that infest the ear canal of dogs and cats. They are HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS from pet to pet, and are frequently found in entire litters of puppies and kittens.
Ear Mites are spread by DIRECT CONTACT with an infested animal. They are NOT contagious to humans.
Common signs of ear mites include scratching at the ears and/or shaking the head. A black, dry, crusty material is observed in the ear canals of infested pets. When examined under the microscope, ear mites look similar to a small crab.
Ear mites irritate the ears leading to raw lesions that may then become infected with bacteria or other germs. Secondary bacterial infection is very common. If left untreated, severe ear infections, as well as deafness may occur.
Since ear mites are infectious to other pets in the household, it is recommended all pets be treated at the same time to prevent infestation spreading back and forth.
It is important that the ears be rechecked on a regular basis until the problem is totally eradicated to prevent recurrence.
For more information contact your local veterinarian.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/Ear%20Mites.htm
Ear mites are very small insects that infest the ear canal of dogs and cats. They are HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS from pet to pet, and are frequently found in entire litters of puppies and kittens.
Ear Mites are spread by DIRECT CONTACT with an infested animal. They are NOT contagious to humans.
Common signs of ear mites include scratching at the ears and/or shaking the head. A black, dry, crusty material is observed in the ear canals of infested pets. When examined under the microscope, ear mites look similar to a small crab.
Ear mites irritate the ears leading to raw lesions that may then become infected with bacteria or other germs. Secondary bacterial infection is very common. If left untreated, severe ear infections, as well as deafness may occur.
Since ear mites are infectious to other pets in the household, it is recommended all pets be treated at the same time to prevent infestation spreading back and forth.
It is important that the ears be rechecked on a regular basis until the problem is totally eradicated to prevent recurrence.
For more information contact your local veterinarian.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/Ear%20Mites.htm
Veterinary information on Ear Hematomas in dogs
EAR HEMATOMA
An EAR HEMATOMA is a large collection of blood that forms between the skin and the cartilage in the ear. This appears as a “lump” or swelling of the ear flap. The most common cause of this condition is excessive head shaking as a result of an ear infection. Other possible causes include allergy or trauma, such as a bite wound or hitting the head on a solid object. Hereditary tendencies may also be involved, as some breeds and families within the breed are more prone to this than others. This condition can RECUR in the same ear or other ear if underlying problems are not corrected.
A swollen ear flap should be evaluated and treated as quickly as possible to reduce the chance of permanent disfigurement of the ear. If the hematoma is not treated properly, one of two things will happen:
1. The hematoma will continue to enlarge until it ruptures and becomes infected.
2. The blood clot will cause permanent damage to the appearance of the ear. This may result in a very thick ear that can interfere with normal ventilation of the ear canal leading to ear infections. Sometimes as the clot matures and contracts, it will cause the ear to become “cauliflower-like” in appearance. This change is irreversible and results in a “withered-up” appearance to the ear flap.
Once the blood clot has formed, the treatment of choice is surgical drainage. There are several different surgical procedures used to correct this problem. Currently, we prefer a technique that utilizes multiple circular incisions to drain the clot. Although this procedure takes more time to perform, it has a much higher rate of returning the ear to a normal appearance.
For more information contact your local veterinarian or animal clinic.
An EAR HEMATOMA is a large collection of blood that forms between the skin and the cartilage in the ear. This appears as a “lump” or swelling of the ear flap. The most common cause of this condition is excessive head shaking as a result of an ear infection. Other possible causes include allergy or trauma, such as a bite wound or hitting the head on a solid object. Hereditary tendencies may also be involved, as some breeds and families within the breed are more prone to this than others. This condition can RECUR in the same ear or other ear if underlying problems are not corrected.
A swollen ear flap should be evaluated and treated as quickly as possible to reduce the chance of permanent disfigurement of the ear. If the hematoma is not treated properly, one of two things will happen:
1. The hematoma will continue to enlarge until it ruptures and becomes infected.
2. The blood clot will cause permanent damage to the appearance of the ear. This may result in a very thick ear that can interfere with normal ventilation of the ear canal leading to ear infections. Sometimes as the clot matures and contracts, it will cause the ear to become “cauliflower-like” in appearance. This change is irreversible and results in a “withered-up” appearance to the ear flap.
Once the blood clot has formed, the treatment of choice is surgical drainage. There are several different surgical procedures used to correct this problem. Currently, we prefer a technique that utilizes multiple circular incisions to drain the clot. Although this procedure takes more time to perform, it has a much higher rate of returning the ear to a normal appearance.
For more information contact your local veterinarian or animal clinic.
Veterinary information on the dry skin syndrome in dogs
THE DRY SKIN SYNDROME
Many household pets suffer from dry, flaking, scaling skin. Sometimes there is severe itching. It is a year-round problem in some pets, or more often appears only during the winter months when the heat is turned on in the house. Dry types of heat, such as electric and radiant, dry the coat much worse than in houses where humidifiers are included in the heating system.
“Dry skin” is a result of the outer layer of the skin losing excessive amounts of moisture. When this outer layer drys out, it begins to become brittle and flake off. This causes the skin to become dry, brittle, and flake excessively.
Dry skin has many causes including the environment, infections, parasites, hormonal imbalances, hereditary, and dietary disorders.
“Dry skin” often persists for life -- requiring long-term therapy to keep the problem under control. The major complications of “dry skin” include bacterial skin infection and self-trauma due to scratching and/or chewing.
Unfortunately, there is NO “magic cure” for “dry skin.” Treatment involves cleansing the skin of loose flakes, removing harmful bacteria, and moisturing the skin with rinses and/or sprays. Moisturizing products serve as a replacement for the natural skin moisture.
Over-the-counter pet shampoo is often a factor that makes the problem worse. We often hear, I just gave my pet a bath, and now it is scratching & itching worse. This is due to a difference in the pH (acid content) of the pet’s skin and the over-the-counter products. Products available through the veterinarian are pH adjusted for the pet’s skin. This is the same problem that results when “human” shampoo is used to bathe the pet.
Follow the below listed directions to keep the problem controlled. Remember that this problem requires REGULAR, CONTINUOUS THERAPY to prevent complications. THERE IS NO CURE -- only proper skin maintenance to control it.
For more information contact your local veterinarian or animal clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/dry_skin.htm
Many household pets suffer from dry, flaking, scaling skin. Sometimes there is severe itching. It is a year-round problem in some pets, or more often appears only during the winter months when the heat is turned on in the house. Dry types of heat, such as electric and radiant, dry the coat much worse than in houses where humidifiers are included in the heating system.
“Dry skin” is a result of the outer layer of the skin losing excessive amounts of moisture. When this outer layer drys out, it begins to become brittle and flake off. This causes the skin to become dry, brittle, and flake excessively.
Dry skin has many causes including the environment, infections, parasites, hormonal imbalances, hereditary, and dietary disorders.
“Dry skin” often persists for life -- requiring long-term therapy to keep the problem under control. The major complications of “dry skin” include bacterial skin infection and self-trauma due to scratching and/or chewing.
Unfortunately, there is NO “magic cure” for “dry skin.” Treatment involves cleansing the skin of loose flakes, removing harmful bacteria, and moisturing the skin with rinses and/or sprays. Moisturizing products serve as a replacement for the natural skin moisture.
Over-the-counter pet shampoo is often a factor that makes the problem worse. We often hear, I just gave my pet a bath, and now it is scratching & itching worse. This is due to a difference in the pH (acid content) of the pet’s skin and the over-the-counter products. Products available through the veterinarian are pH adjusted for the pet’s skin. This is the same problem that results when “human” shampoo is used to bathe the pet.
Follow the below listed directions to keep the problem controlled. Remember that this problem requires REGULAR, CONTINUOUS THERAPY to prevent complications. THERE IS NO CURE -- only proper skin maintenance to control it.
For more information contact your local veterinarian or animal clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/dry_skin.htm
Veterinary information on INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DISEASE in dogs
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DISEASE
(Slipped-Disc)
The bones of the backbone that protect the spinal cord are called vertebrae. Soft cushions are located between these bones which serve as “shock absorbers” protecting the very delicate nerves that lie within the spinal column. These cushions are called discs.
The disc may be damaged from an injury, such as jumping off furniture, resulting in the condition called a ‘slipped disc.’ In this condition, the disc has been forced out of its normal location and pushes against the spinal cord itself causing pressure on the nerves. Pressure on these nerves results in pain, weakness, incoordination, and possibly paralysis of the legs, bladder, and rectum. Disc protrusion against the spinal cord can also result from a deterioration of the disc as the pet ages or arthritic changes within the bone itself.
Disc disease can occur anywhere along the spinal canal. “Pinched nerves” in the neck area are usually very painful and may cause front leg lameness. The pet often is presented with a reluctance to move the head up and down, usually keeping the head tucked low to the ground. Lesions further down the spinal column cause varying signs depending on the particular nerves compressed by the involved disc. All four legs can be affected in severe cases.
Medical treatment may relieve pain and inflammation, but surgery is often required to relieve severe pressure in some cases. Surgery involves scraping out the diseased disc material to relieve the pressure and prevent future episodes of pain. Neck lesions usually require surgical intervention whereas lower spinal problems may or may not require surgery.
The problem tends to reoccur in other disc locations, especially if the pet continues to do a lot of jumping and is overweight.
Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and x-rays. Signs seen include rear leg weakness, rigid abdomen, pain when picked up, reluctance to move, and/or loss of urine and bowel control. Signs may develop gradually or suddenly.
The disease is commonly seen in poodles, dachshunds, and other breeds with long backs.
Jumping off furniture also predisposes the pet to development of this condition.
Early treatment increases the chances of recovery. In mild cases, drugs are given to decrease inflammation and swelling of the spinal cord. Muscle relaxants, antibiotics, and pain-relieving medications are also given. Your pet MUST be kept QUIET and CONFINED for healing to take place. Excessive movement will cause further injury to the spinal cord making signs worse. Some cases require surgery. Complete recovery may take several weeks, or even months.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/itervertebral%20disc.htm
(Slipped-Disc)
The bones of the backbone that protect the spinal cord are called vertebrae. Soft cushions are located between these bones which serve as “shock absorbers” protecting the very delicate nerves that lie within the spinal column. These cushions are called discs.
The disc may be damaged from an injury, such as jumping off furniture, resulting in the condition called a ‘slipped disc.’ In this condition, the disc has been forced out of its normal location and pushes against the spinal cord itself causing pressure on the nerves. Pressure on these nerves results in pain, weakness, incoordination, and possibly paralysis of the legs, bladder, and rectum. Disc protrusion against the spinal cord can also result from a deterioration of the disc as the pet ages or arthritic changes within the bone itself.
Disc disease can occur anywhere along the spinal canal. “Pinched nerves” in the neck area are usually very painful and may cause front leg lameness. The pet often is presented with a reluctance to move the head up and down, usually keeping the head tucked low to the ground. Lesions further down the spinal column cause varying signs depending on the particular nerves compressed by the involved disc. All four legs can be affected in severe cases.
Medical treatment may relieve pain and inflammation, but surgery is often required to relieve severe pressure in some cases. Surgery involves scraping out the diseased disc material to relieve the pressure and prevent future episodes of pain. Neck lesions usually require surgical intervention whereas lower spinal problems may or may not require surgery.
The problem tends to reoccur in other disc locations, especially if the pet continues to do a lot of jumping and is overweight.
Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and x-rays. Signs seen include rear leg weakness, rigid abdomen, pain when picked up, reluctance to move, and/or loss of urine and bowel control. Signs may develop gradually or suddenly.
The disease is commonly seen in poodles, dachshunds, and other breeds with long backs.
Jumping off furniture also predisposes the pet to development of this condition.
Early treatment increases the chances of recovery. In mild cases, drugs are given to decrease inflammation and swelling of the spinal cord. Muscle relaxants, antibiotics, and pain-relieving medications are also given. Your pet MUST be kept QUIET and CONFINED for healing to take place. Excessive movement will cause further injury to the spinal cord making signs worse. Some cases require surgery. Complete recovery may take several weeks, or even months.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/itervertebral%20disc.htm
Veterinary information on DIABETES MELLITUS in dogs
DIABETES MELLITUS
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease process characterized by a decreased tolerance to carbohydrates (sugars), due to a deficiency of INSULIN. Insulin is a hormone secreted by special cells in the pancreas which is responsible for the proper metabolism of all body tissues. Without proper insulin levels, serious changes occur within the body that leads to coma and death. It is a common problem in both cats and dogs. Certain breeds such as terriers, poodles, cocker spaniels, and dachshunds are more frequently affected.
Although the exact cause of Diabetes Mellitus is not known, several factors are known to be involved including genetics, diet, obesity, age, and complications from injury and illness.
Despite extensive research (especially in the field of human medicine), there is no known cure. Therefore, once it has been diagnosed, all medical attempts are to control the disease. This involves daily administration of insulin for the remainder of the pet’s life.
The oral form of insulin is NOT effective in animals. Once properly regulated, the majority of diabetic pets can maintain normal lives.
Home care involves daily administration of insulin and feeding a well-regulated high quality diet. A high-protein, low-carbohydrate commercial food (preferably canned food) should be fed at a CONSTANT time and quantity level.
The amount of food ingested will affect the amount of insulin required.
The diabetic pet should be fed twice daily, or in small multiple feedings to coincide with the peak insulin levels (8-l0 hours after injection when using NPH Insulin). Constant moderate exercise is important to properly maintain the daily insulin requirement.
For female diabetic pets, Ovariohysterectomy (spaying) should be performed as soon as possible due to complicated interactions between insulin and the female hormones secreted by the ovaries.
During the first few weeks of treatment, several consultations and tests are necessary to properly regulate the patient to insulin therapy. Changes in insulin dosage, frequency of injection, diet, or exercise may be required.
Notify the clinic if any of the following complications occur:
1. You are unable to administer the medication as directed.
2. Your pet develops weakness or fatigue after exercise, begins to shake or tremble, or seems mentally confused. This may result from refusal to eat, sudden vigorous exercise, or from vomiting of the evening meal. Excessive insulin dosage may also cause these problems. Giving several tablespoons of corn syrup or honey may control the low blood sugar episodes.
3. Your pet experiences difficult breathing, weakness, depression, or will not eat.
4. Your pet develops diarrhea or vomits.
DIABETES THERAPY
There is NO cure for Diabetes. Treatment will be required for the rest of the pet’s life. It is important you understand your role in therapy to insure success.
HOME CARE:
1. EXERCISE:
Allow your pet to determine how active he/she will be. The important key to remember is to be consistent every day. Heavy exercise affects blood sugar and insulin requirements. If you allow your pet to run around for many hours over the weekend when he/she normally sleeps all day, you may find it extremely difficult and frustrating to determine the correct insulin dosage from day to day. On the other hand, consistent amounts of exercise make this task much easier to accomplish.
2. DIET:
Normally, the body monitors the amount of sugar in the blood at each moment and determines how much insulin the pancreas should produce. Since you can only “guess” the amount of blood sugar based upon urine glucose measurements, you carefully regulate how much sugar your pet receives. This is where most pet owners have the greatest problem.
Your pet should receive a small meal (1/3 daily amount) in the morning and the main meal 6-8 hours later. There absolutely cannot be any snacks, biscuits, or people food at other times.
If you waver or deviate from this feeding regimen, you may internally upset your pet by failing to regulate the blood sugar. Adherence to this program will make controlling your pet’s disease that much more rewarding. You may feed your pet any type of dog food that is a complete and balanced diet
3. URINE TEST:
Every morning you should test your pet’s urine using the test strips provided. If your pet is a male dog, this is very simple because of his urinating habits. For a female dog, you may find it useful to fashion a long stick with a small cup on the end, to “catch” a urine sample as she squats. There are two pads on the stick. The top one measures glucose and is the most important. Use the color code on the bottle and read out the amount of glucose (after 30 seconds). The bottom pad measures ketones. If this pad ever changes color after 15 seconds, it is not an emergency but you should notify the doctor. If you find that the glucose pad is consistently 3-4%, notify your doctor. For cats, placing some saran wrap in the litter box facilitates saving some urine for testing. Home test strips for urine are not accurate. Urine must be tested at the clinic.
4. INSULIN:
We will instruct you on the proper use of the syringes and medication.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/diabetes.htm
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease process characterized by a decreased tolerance to carbohydrates (sugars), due to a deficiency of INSULIN. Insulin is a hormone secreted by special cells in the pancreas which is responsible for the proper metabolism of all body tissues. Without proper insulin levels, serious changes occur within the body that leads to coma and death. It is a common problem in both cats and dogs. Certain breeds such as terriers, poodles, cocker spaniels, and dachshunds are more frequently affected.
Although the exact cause of Diabetes Mellitus is not known, several factors are known to be involved including genetics, diet, obesity, age, and complications from injury and illness.
Despite extensive research (especially in the field of human medicine), there is no known cure. Therefore, once it has been diagnosed, all medical attempts are to control the disease. This involves daily administration of insulin for the remainder of the pet’s life.
The oral form of insulin is NOT effective in animals. Once properly regulated, the majority of diabetic pets can maintain normal lives.
Home care involves daily administration of insulin and feeding a well-regulated high quality diet. A high-protein, low-carbohydrate commercial food (preferably canned food) should be fed at a CONSTANT time and quantity level.
The amount of food ingested will affect the amount of insulin required.
The diabetic pet should be fed twice daily, or in small multiple feedings to coincide with the peak insulin levels (8-l0 hours after injection when using NPH Insulin). Constant moderate exercise is important to properly maintain the daily insulin requirement.
For female diabetic pets, Ovariohysterectomy (spaying) should be performed as soon as possible due to complicated interactions between insulin and the female hormones secreted by the ovaries.
During the first few weeks of treatment, several consultations and tests are necessary to properly regulate the patient to insulin therapy. Changes in insulin dosage, frequency of injection, diet, or exercise may be required.
Notify the clinic if any of the following complications occur:
1. You are unable to administer the medication as directed.
2. Your pet develops weakness or fatigue after exercise, begins to shake or tremble, or seems mentally confused. This may result from refusal to eat, sudden vigorous exercise, or from vomiting of the evening meal. Excessive insulin dosage may also cause these problems. Giving several tablespoons of corn syrup or honey may control the low blood sugar episodes.
3. Your pet experiences difficult breathing, weakness, depression, or will not eat.
4. Your pet develops diarrhea or vomits.
DIABETES THERAPY
There is NO cure for Diabetes. Treatment will be required for the rest of the pet’s life. It is important you understand your role in therapy to insure success.
HOME CARE:
1. EXERCISE:
Allow your pet to determine how active he/she will be. The important key to remember is to be consistent every day. Heavy exercise affects blood sugar and insulin requirements. If you allow your pet to run around for many hours over the weekend when he/she normally sleeps all day, you may find it extremely difficult and frustrating to determine the correct insulin dosage from day to day. On the other hand, consistent amounts of exercise make this task much easier to accomplish.
2. DIET:
Normally, the body monitors the amount of sugar in the blood at each moment and determines how much insulin the pancreas should produce. Since you can only “guess” the amount of blood sugar based upon urine glucose measurements, you carefully regulate how much sugar your pet receives. This is where most pet owners have the greatest problem.
Your pet should receive a small meal (1/3 daily amount) in the morning and the main meal 6-8 hours later. There absolutely cannot be any snacks, biscuits, or people food at other times.
If you waver or deviate from this feeding regimen, you may internally upset your pet by failing to regulate the blood sugar. Adherence to this program will make controlling your pet’s disease that much more rewarding. You may feed your pet any type of dog food that is a complete and balanced diet
3. URINE TEST:
Every morning you should test your pet’s urine using the test strips provided. If your pet is a male dog, this is very simple because of his urinating habits. For a female dog, you may find it useful to fashion a long stick with a small cup on the end, to “catch” a urine sample as she squats. There are two pads on the stick. The top one measures glucose and is the most important. Use the color code on the bottle and read out the amount of glucose (after 30 seconds). The bottom pad measures ketones. If this pad ever changes color after 15 seconds, it is not an emergency but you should notify the doctor. If you find that the glucose pad is consistently 3-4%, notify your doctor. For cats, placing some saran wrap in the litter box facilitates saving some urine for testing. Home test strips for urine are not accurate. Urine must be tested at the clinic.
4. INSULIN:
We will instruct you on the proper use of the syringes and medication.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/diabetes.htm
CUSHING’S DISEASE
CUSHING’S DISEASE
Cushing’s Disease is also termed “Hyperadrenocorticism.” It is a disorder characterized by excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands (small bean-shaped glands located near the kidneys) most often produce excessive amounts of cortisol because they are stimulated to do so by the “master hormone gland”—the PITUITARY GLAND which is a pea-shaped gland at the base of the brain. 10-15% of dogs with Cushing’s Disease develop high cortisol levels because of and adrenal gland tumor which is producing the excess hormone.
DIAGNOSIS is confirmed by blood tests.
SIGNS of the disease are a result of the high cortisol levels and include poor hair coat, hair loss, enlarged belly, increased thirst, increased urination, and increased appetite. Dogs with Cushing’s Disease are also more prone to infections and Diabetes mellitus.
TREATMENT is directed at decreasing the blood cortisol levels. In dogs with a tumor of the adrenal gland, surgery is required to remove the tumor. Dogs with overly active adrenal glands due to the over-stimulation by the pituitary gland are treated with a drug designed to shrink the size of the gland, thereby decreasing production of cortisol. The dose of these drugs must be adjusted to the particular needs of each individual pet.
Medical treatment only CONTROLS the disorder. Some patients require re-evaluation and possible additional treatment sometime in the future. Most patients, however, improve dramatically with regrowth of hair, and decreases in thirst, urination and appetite. General good health returns.
Individuals respond differently to the medication, making close observation and repeated blood testing a necessity. Under-dosage allows the condition to progress while over-dosage can result in a medical emergency due to a lack of blood cortisol. It is VERY IMPORTANT for you to return on time for retesting and evaluation.
Please notify the clinic IMMEDIATELY if your pet shows any of the following signs:
1. Change in appetite
2. Vomiting
3. Diarrhea
4. Listlessness
5. Increase in water consumption.
For more information contact your local animal clinic or veterinarian.
DO NOT ADMINISTER THE NEXT DOSE OF MEDICATION BEFORE CHECKING WITH US IF ANY OF THE ABOVE SIGNS ARE OBSERVED.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/cushings.htm
Cushing’s Disease is also termed “Hyperadrenocorticism.” It is a disorder characterized by excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands (small bean-shaped glands located near the kidneys) most often produce excessive amounts of cortisol because they are stimulated to do so by the “master hormone gland”—the PITUITARY GLAND which is a pea-shaped gland at the base of the brain. 10-15% of dogs with Cushing’s Disease develop high cortisol levels because of and adrenal gland tumor which is producing the excess hormone.
DIAGNOSIS is confirmed by blood tests.
SIGNS of the disease are a result of the high cortisol levels and include poor hair coat, hair loss, enlarged belly, increased thirst, increased urination, and increased appetite. Dogs with Cushing’s Disease are also more prone to infections and Diabetes mellitus.
TREATMENT is directed at decreasing the blood cortisol levels. In dogs with a tumor of the adrenal gland, surgery is required to remove the tumor. Dogs with overly active adrenal glands due to the over-stimulation by the pituitary gland are treated with a drug designed to shrink the size of the gland, thereby decreasing production of cortisol. The dose of these drugs must be adjusted to the particular needs of each individual pet.
Medical treatment only CONTROLS the disorder. Some patients require re-evaluation and possible additional treatment sometime in the future. Most patients, however, improve dramatically with regrowth of hair, and decreases in thirst, urination and appetite. General good health returns.
Individuals respond differently to the medication, making close observation and repeated blood testing a necessity. Under-dosage allows the condition to progress while over-dosage can result in a medical emergency due to a lack of blood cortisol. It is VERY IMPORTANT for you to return on time for retesting and evaluation.
Please notify the clinic IMMEDIATELY if your pet shows any of the following signs:
1. Change in appetite
2. Vomiting
3. Diarrhea
4. Listlessness
5. Increase in water consumption.
For more information contact your local animal clinic or veterinarian.
DO NOT ADMINISTER THE NEXT DOSE OF MEDICATION BEFORE CHECKING WITH US IF ANY OF THE ABOVE SIGNS ARE OBSERVED.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/cushings.htm
CORNEAL INJURIES
CORNEAL INJURIES
The cornea is the outer clear layers of the eye providing a window through which light may pass. It is composed of many thin layers just like a stack of notebook paper. The healthy cornea is normally very resistant to infection.
If an injury occurs which damages the cornea, it may allow bacteria to penetrate causing an infection in the deeper layers of the eye.
A CORNEAL ULCER is an erosion through one or more layers of the cornea, starting from the outside and going inside the eye. Rapid deterioration of the cornea may result leading to very serious disease and blindness. The scientific name for this condition is “Ulcerative Keratitis.”
Corneal ulcers result in pain, eyelid spasms, sensitivity to bright light, and discharges from the eye. Blindness can result if not treated properly.
Sometimes the corneal wound CANNOT be seen with the naked eye. A special stain must be dropped in the eye to aid diagnosis. This is the Primary reason we do NOT like to dispense eye medications without first examining the eye--if the WRONG type medication is used, an eye infection may get WORSE--possibly leading to blindness!
For severe infections or injuries which penetrate deep into several layers of the cornea, surgery may be necessary to save the eye.
For more information contact your local veterinarian or animal clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/corneal%20injuries.htm
http://www.facebook.com/home.php?#!/pages/Granada-Hills/Mission-Animal-Care-Center/392902320611?ref=ts
The cornea is the outer clear layers of the eye providing a window through which light may pass. It is composed of many thin layers just like a stack of notebook paper. The healthy cornea is normally very resistant to infection.
If an injury occurs which damages the cornea, it may allow bacteria to penetrate causing an infection in the deeper layers of the eye.
A CORNEAL ULCER is an erosion through one or more layers of the cornea, starting from the outside and going inside the eye. Rapid deterioration of the cornea may result leading to very serious disease and blindness. The scientific name for this condition is “Ulcerative Keratitis.”
Corneal ulcers result in pain, eyelid spasms, sensitivity to bright light, and discharges from the eye. Blindness can result if not treated properly.
Sometimes the corneal wound CANNOT be seen with the naked eye. A special stain must be dropped in the eye to aid diagnosis. This is the Primary reason we do NOT like to dispense eye medications without first examining the eye--if the WRONG type medication is used, an eye infection may get WORSE--possibly leading to blindness!
For severe infections or injuries which penetrate deep into several layers of the cornea, surgery may be necessary to save the eye.
For more information contact your local veterinarian or animal clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/corneal%20injuries.htm
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CONSTIPATION
CONSTIPATION
A CONSTIPATED PET EXHIBITS INFREQUENT OR DIFFICULT EVACUATION OF THE STOOL. The feces are usually hard and dry.
There are many causes of constipation in pets. Some are not serious while others can be life threatening. Correct treatment depends on identifying the cause of your pet’s constipation. Constipation is most often caused by dietary or environmental factors.
DIETARY. Fibre in the diet is important for normal defecation. Just as with people. A pet food with high fat and gravy levels may also be deficient in fibre. Substances such as hair, bones, or other indigestible foreign matter will mix with the stool and cause constipation. Hairballs in cats are very common.
ENVIRONMENTAL. Changes which affect an animal’s daily routine, such as removal of a cat’s litter box (or changing the type of litter), a hospital/boarding kennel stay, or lack of exercise can also cause problems.
OTHER CAUSES OF CONSTIPATION:
Aging
Pelvic bone fractures
Rectal lesions, infections, or tumors
Prostate gland disease
Spinal cord problems
Color disorders
Hormone imbalances
HOME CARE MANAGEMENT. Diets rich in fiber can be used to aid in the control of constipation just as with people. The fiber increases water retention in the stool and softens it. The increased bulk also increases propulsive movements of the intestines to help with eliminations.
1. Twice daily, feed your pet a diet containing at least 10% fiber. Recommended foods for both dogs and cats include Prescription Diet r/dÒ or w/dÒ. These diets can significantly reduce mild constipation.
2. Keep your pet well groomed. This reduces excess hair that is consumed due to the pet’s normal licking.
3. Regular exercise, especially about 1 hour after a meal will help stimulate the bowels to empty.
4. Keep the cat’s litter box clean.
5. Use mild laxatives or stool softeners as recommended by the DVM. VetasylÒ is a product available at the clinic that works well for both dogs and cats that tend to have problems with mild constipation.
For more information contact your local veterinarian or animal clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/constipation.htm
A CONSTIPATED PET EXHIBITS INFREQUENT OR DIFFICULT EVACUATION OF THE STOOL. The feces are usually hard and dry.
There are many causes of constipation in pets. Some are not serious while others can be life threatening. Correct treatment depends on identifying the cause of your pet’s constipation. Constipation is most often caused by dietary or environmental factors.
DIETARY. Fibre in the diet is important for normal defecation. Just as with people. A pet food with high fat and gravy levels may also be deficient in fibre. Substances such as hair, bones, or other indigestible foreign matter will mix with the stool and cause constipation. Hairballs in cats are very common.
ENVIRONMENTAL. Changes which affect an animal’s daily routine, such as removal of a cat’s litter box (or changing the type of litter), a hospital/boarding kennel stay, or lack of exercise can also cause problems.
OTHER CAUSES OF CONSTIPATION:
Aging
Pelvic bone fractures
Rectal lesions, infections, or tumors
Prostate gland disease
Spinal cord problems
Color disorders
Hormone imbalances
HOME CARE MANAGEMENT. Diets rich in fiber can be used to aid in the control of constipation just as with people. The fiber increases water retention in the stool and softens it. The increased bulk also increases propulsive movements of the intestines to help with eliminations.
1. Twice daily, feed your pet a diet containing at least 10% fiber. Recommended foods for both dogs and cats include Prescription Diet r/dÒ or w/dÒ. These diets can significantly reduce mild constipation.
2. Keep your pet well groomed. This reduces excess hair that is consumed due to the pet’s normal licking.
3. Regular exercise, especially about 1 hour after a meal will help stimulate the bowels to empty.
4. Keep the cat’s litter box clean.
5. Use mild laxatives or stool softeners as recommended by the DVM. VetasylÒ is a product available at the clinic that works well for both dogs and cats that tend to have problems with mild constipation.
For more information contact your local veterinarian or animal clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/constipation.htm
CONJUNCTIVITIS in pets
CONJUNCTIVITIS
Conjunctivitis is the medical term for the inflammation of the tissue lining the eyelids. When inflammation occurs, excessive tear production makes excellent breeding ground for bacteria worsening the condition.
Causes of conjunctivitis include injuries, bacterial infections, viral infections, irritations, allergies, or foreign material (such as dirt, grass seeds, etc.) embedded in the eyelids.
Dogs and cats have three eyelids. These include an upper eyelid, lower eyelid, and the “third” eyelid which is attached to the eye at the side closest to the nose, and then blinks out across the eye toward the ear. Many times, a foreign body, such as a grass seed, will get underneath that eyelid and cause the irritation.
Sedation is often necessary to allow adequate visual inspection under all three of the eyelids to help determine the cause of the problem. We must thoroughly examine the eye to determine the underlying root cause of the inflammation or the problem will recur.
Eye stains are used on the eye itself to confirm the presence or absence of any injury to the outer layer of the eye (cornea) itself.
It is important to do everything possible to determine the cause of the problem to prevent recurrence. Many times the irritation is caused by defects in the anatomy of the eyelids, such as extra hair growth or inverting lids. These often require surgical correction of the defect to prevent future damage to the eye.
For more information contact your local veterinarian or animal clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/conjnctivitis.htm
Conjunctivitis is the medical term for the inflammation of the tissue lining the eyelids. When inflammation occurs, excessive tear production makes excellent breeding ground for bacteria worsening the condition.
Causes of conjunctivitis include injuries, bacterial infections, viral infections, irritations, allergies, or foreign material (such as dirt, grass seeds, etc.) embedded in the eyelids.
Dogs and cats have three eyelids. These include an upper eyelid, lower eyelid, and the “third” eyelid which is attached to the eye at the side closest to the nose, and then blinks out across the eye toward the ear. Many times, a foreign body, such as a grass seed, will get underneath that eyelid and cause the irritation.
Sedation is often necessary to allow adequate visual inspection under all three of the eyelids to help determine the cause of the problem. We must thoroughly examine the eye to determine the underlying root cause of the inflammation or the problem will recur.
Eye stains are used on the eye itself to confirm the presence or absence of any injury to the outer layer of the eye (cornea) itself.
It is important to do everything possible to determine the cause of the problem to prevent recurrence. Many times the irritation is caused by defects in the anatomy of the eyelids, such as extra hair growth or inverting lids. These often require surgical correction of the defect to prevent future damage to the eye.
For more information contact your local veterinarian or animal clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/conjnctivitis.htm
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
Congestive Heart Failure is a chronic condition in which a weakened heart does not pump enough blood to maintain normal body functions.
The body fluids tend to “back-up” behind the heart, either in the lungs or in the abdomen. Signs seen by the owner are a result of these conditions.
Signs include:
1. Shortness of breath, tiring on exercise.
2. Deep, dry coughing.
3. Weight loss.
4. Enlarged abdomen, swollen, puffy legs.
5. Cyanosis-blue discoloration of the tongue and lips.
6. Fainting spells.
Congestive Heart Failure can result from disease affecting the heart valves, birth defects, infections, Heartworm, or just “old” age.
Although Congestive Heart Failure CANNOT be cured, many patients can live a COMFORTABLE life with proper medical management.
For more information contact your local veterinarian or animal clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/congestive_heart_failure.htm
Congestive Heart Failure is a chronic condition in which a weakened heart does not pump enough blood to maintain normal body functions.
The body fluids tend to “back-up” behind the heart, either in the lungs or in the abdomen. Signs seen by the owner are a result of these conditions.
Signs include:
1. Shortness of breath, tiring on exercise.
2. Deep, dry coughing.
3. Weight loss.
4. Enlarged abdomen, swollen, puffy legs.
5. Cyanosis-blue discoloration of the tongue and lips.
6. Fainting spells.
Congestive Heart Failure can result from disease affecting the heart valves, birth defects, infections, Heartworm, or just “old” age.
Although Congestive Heart Failure CANNOT be cured, many patients can live a COMFORTABLE life with proper medical management.
For more information contact your local veterinarian or animal clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/congestive_heart_failure.htm
CONCUSSIONS AND HEAD INJURY
CONCUSSIONS AND HEAD INJURY
Injury to the head (head trauma) can be very dangerous--even result in death of your pet. A blow to the head can cause swelling of the brain tissues, and also internal bleeding from ruptured blood vessels as a result of the injury.
Since the brain lies inside the bony skull, any bleeding or swelling that occurs will put downward pressure on the brain. This downward pressure from the bleeding or swelling on the brain squeezes or compresses the brain impairing its normal functioning ability. Severe bleeding or swelling can result in damage that is either temporary or permanent. In the early stages, it is impossible to tell how much permanent damage will result.
Signs of a concussion may include erratic eye movements, weakness, incoordination, dilated or constricted pupils, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, disorientation, seizures, or coma.
Treatment of head injuries is aimed at reducing pressure on the brain by decreasing swelling of the brain tissue caused by the injury. In severe cases, surgery may be required to relieve the pressure.
Pets with head trauma are usually hospitalized until they are stabilized and the continuing swelling of the brain tissue stops. Complete rest, along with medication is required to insure recovery from a concussion. Injuries that result in minimal clinical signs can become much more severe if the pet is allowed to become excited because of an increase in blood pressure that increases brain swelling.
The final outcome of a head injury that results in a concussion depends on the severity of the injury and the duration of clinical signs. Generally speaking, the longer clinical signs remain apparent, the less the chance of full recovery. Recovery from concussions can occur very rapidly (a few hours) or take extremely long periods of time (months). It is impossible to say for sure if complete recovery will occur and if it does, how long it will take.
For more information contact your local animal emergency clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/concussions%20and%20Head%20injury.htm
Injury to the head (head trauma) can be very dangerous--even result in death of your pet. A blow to the head can cause swelling of the brain tissues, and also internal bleeding from ruptured blood vessels as a result of the injury.
Since the brain lies inside the bony skull, any bleeding or swelling that occurs will put downward pressure on the brain. This downward pressure from the bleeding or swelling on the brain squeezes or compresses the brain impairing its normal functioning ability. Severe bleeding or swelling can result in damage that is either temporary or permanent. In the early stages, it is impossible to tell how much permanent damage will result.
Signs of a concussion may include erratic eye movements, weakness, incoordination, dilated or constricted pupils, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, disorientation, seizures, or coma.
Treatment of head injuries is aimed at reducing pressure on the brain by decreasing swelling of the brain tissue caused by the injury. In severe cases, surgery may be required to relieve the pressure.
Pets with head trauma are usually hospitalized until they are stabilized and the continuing swelling of the brain tissue stops. Complete rest, along with medication is required to insure recovery from a concussion. Injuries that result in minimal clinical signs can become much more severe if the pet is allowed to become excited because of an increase in blood pressure that increases brain swelling.
The final outcome of a head injury that results in a concussion depends on the severity of the injury and the duration of clinical signs. Generally speaking, the longer clinical signs remain apparent, the less the chance of full recovery. Recovery from concussions can occur very rapidly (a few hours) or take extremely long periods of time (months). It is impossible to say for sure if complete recovery will occur and if it does, how long it will take.
For more information contact your local animal emergency clinic.
www.missionvet.com
http://www.missionvet.com/Common%20Conditions/concussions%20and%20Head%20injury.htm
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